Globalization, Nation-States and Transnational Entities Essay

The historical study of the main characteristics and normative bequest of a nation- claim has proved complicated for the social sciences as a whole. During the yester category few centuries, the nation- commonwealth has been deified and demonised equally it has been regarded as modern as intimately as ancient form of social and policy-making association it has been seen as an imagined or imaginary society rational construction of the community it has created as frequently happiness as well as misery it has been a kickoff for political democracy, cosmopolitanism and heathen cleansing.It has as well as coexisted with empires colonies, blocks, protectorates, city-states among separate forms of political organisations. It has gone by means of and see the unification, occupation, totalitarian terror, divisions and then unification. It has won legitimacy around ethnic or racial, republican, liberal, democratic class precept and federal (Chernilo, 2007). In scandalize of all th ese, a nation-state succeeded to present it self as a solid, stable and as the necessary form of social and political organisation in the coetaneous homo.The nation-state is a territorial organisation that self-recognizes and deriving its political authenticity from the bulk and serving as a supreme body for a province as a sovereign territorial entity (Chernilo, 2007). Most commonwealth observe a nation as a political thing that is self evident, a kind of natural culmination of all societies. It is high while people realised that the idea of a nation that europium gave to the world was perhaps short-lived political form, a europiuman exception, a uneasy transition between ages of kings and the neo-imperial age (Guehenno & Elliott, 2000).1). Modern nation-states pitch diverse feelings to their territory, comp bed to the dynastic monarchies it is semi-sanctified, and non-exchangeable. No nation would swap territory with another(prenominal) states simply, for instance, bec ause the kings daughter got married. They have a discrete type of boundary, in principle defined only by the playing field of unbendingtlement of the interior(a) group, although almost nation-states likewise sought natural run intos like rivers, lakes, mountain ranges among others.The most outstanding characteristic is the degree to which nation-states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in scotch, social and cultural dimensions. This is done by promoting economic unity, origin base by abolishing internal usages and taxes. Nation-states normally have a guideline to form and sustain a national shipping infrastructure, facilitating business and figurehead (DiVanna, 2003). Nation-states usually have more centralised and identical public government than its colonial predecessors they are smaller, and the population less diverse.In several instances, the regional administration is as well as subordinated to central or national government. They also have an i dentical nationwide customs, through states maneuver principle. The lesson of the nation-state suggests that its populace constitutes a nation, fused by a widespread descent, a roughhewn language and various forms of shared culture. When the unity is absent, the nation-state frequently tries to foxiness it by promoting a homogeneous national language, through language guiding principle.The nation-states create a common curriculum for both primary and thirdhand education as a way of fostering a common language. In profit, to create a common identity, history of a nation-state is enshrined in their curricula and taught usually in a propagandistic and mythologized edition, and especially during contends some nation-states nevertheless teach this kind of history. Language and cultural policy was sometimes negative, aimed at the suppression of non-national elements. Language prohibitions were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages, and the decline of minor ity languages.A nation-state has a constitution that is a set of rules that governs its operations and is official. A state is as well recognised nevertheless other countries as independent and with the United Nations by her being a member of the UN. Besides, the state also acts on behalf of the people that are residing in that territory and nation-state is continuous in the sense that a set of leaders come and go tho the nation-state remains, thus its continuity. Nationalism being a product of modernity, reflecting on peoples need to belong to a social group to have a feeling of security in an environment where a people live.Nationalism has been seen as an intense suck up that has resulted into socio-political conflicts all over the world, besides, it has been an instrument for bigotry and social unrests. The key to lasting business viability in a connected world is that each square is part of one or more ne twainrks of value. Thus collaboration is the tower to adding value as a network member. more(prenominal) often, people and corporations get together because of the profit that whitethorn accrue due to such collaboration (DiVanna, 2003) A nation defines itself by non only what it is, but as well as what it is non.It is not a social group, neither is it a apparitional group, nor a racial group a nation is what binds together the citizens of a nation is a amalgamation of historical factors that can not be reduced to a single dimension as social, religious, or racial (Guehenno & Elliott, 2000) an example of a nation is Ger more. A state such as Georgia is described as a definite territory in which a legitimate government has the ability to control its own activities without violation from other system of governments (Europa, 2010).It depicts more of a political and geographical area associated with a kind of political body a nation, on the other hand, describes more of a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term nation-state implies that the two geog raphically concur, and this distinguishes the nation-state from the other types of state, which historically come first, an example of a state is Georgia. In auxiliary, a nation-state is understood as a political panorama of a single or a central and relatively uniform ethnic group. It groups very heterogeneous societies, communities loosely under the guidance of a common religious, and/or dynastic tradition.The basis of segmentation that characterise such communities can be geographical, religious, political, social, economical, ethnical, race and even class or class (European Parliament, 2008), an example of a state is Algeria. 2). The US has territorial boundaries which are not easily swopped. Besides, US is a symbolic community with her people voluntarily dedicate their most important political loyalties in spite of the mevery meticulous loyalties economic, spiritual, racial, ethnic, political, social that otherwise divide them. This gives the people of united state to identi fy with a common culture as a people of a modern nation-state.In addition, the U. S has an impersonal power structure which bears it legitimacy from a people. A countrys external policy, which at time is cal conduct the international relations policy, consists of approaches preferred by the state to guard its national involutions and to achieve its goals in international relations. The plans are intentionally active to interact with other nation-states. Contemporarily, due to transnational and globalization activities, the nation-states will also have to interact with non-state actors like terrorists.A nation-states interests are prevalent unknown policies are premeditated by the government through upper-level purpose making progressions. More often than not, creating outside(prenominal) policy is the prank of the head of government and the outside minister. In some countries the legislature is also involved in the process. 2 b). An example of foreign policy of US is Secu rity from blow is the most paramount foreign policy of any nation. That is a nation should endeavour to have foreign policies that do not withdraw her vulnerable from physical external attack, either by other countries or by individual actors like terrorists.The focus of US foreign policy is thus, geared towarfareds building a power to defend herself from against attack from other nation-states and these individual actors like international terrorists. Security from attack should go beyond the physical attack to include the domestic wellbeing of the American citizens and protect them against some psychological troubles like the loss of their jobs to foreigners, because of perhaps, poor foreign policy on immigration issues, and trade among others.Foreign policy of the US is national interest or international justice which focuses on the role of the US when other nations go against human refines like right to life, by some regimes which go to war and engage in massacre, genocide a mong others. Others urge that US should develop a foreign policy that protects human right when abused not only in American soil but also in other parts of the word. This may take a more noble form as diplomacy and may go to the extreme as soldiery intervention if necessary, and then help with the reconstructive memory of the nation-state in question, like in the case of Iraq (Page & Bouton, 2006).The later onmath of World struggle II saw the creation of European join which was seen by galore(postnominal) as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had destroyed the continent. This followed the formation of the European Coal and Steel familiarity which, while having the modest aim of unite control of the previously national coal and steel industries of its member states, is seen to be the first step which culminated in the formation of the European due north. The founding members of the Community were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Wes t Germany.It progressed to form a peaceful Europe through cooperation in the 1940s. Due to the war between the east and the west in the fifties in that respect was need for peace in Europe. Therefore the soviet tanks post pot protests against the communist regime in Hungary. In 1957, the launch of the first man-made space satellite by the Soviet Union acted as a pioneer in the space race in addition to the European Economic Community or Common Market that was created by the Rome treaty. The emergence of youth cultures took place in the 1960s legal transfer with it economic growth.In return, the EU countries stopped charging duty on custom in the course of their trade with each other. During this time period, they agreed on interchangeable food production control so that everyone had enough to eat which resulted in excess agricultural produce. In 1973 resulted in a growing community when Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom junctureed the European Union, and raised the num ber of members to nine. This period experienced the last right wing dictatorship in Europe due to Salazar regime being overthrown in Portugal and the General Franco of Spains death.The bow in EU affairs by the European Parliament increase and hence all citizens could elect their members directly for the first time. In addition jobs and infrastructure in poorer areas were created when the EU regional policy started to transfer broad sums of money. The changing face of Europe was introduced by the fall of the Berlin wall in the 1980s. Greece additionally joined the European Union followed by Spain and Portugal five age later.The single European Act which is the foundation for a six year program that resolves problems with the free flow of trade across EU borders and creates the single(a) market was then signed in 1987. In 1989, the Berlin wall was pulled down and for the first time, the border between East and West Germany was opened and led to the reunification of Germany when th ese two united in 1990. In the 1990s the European Union developed a Europe without frontiers which resulted in Europeans being enveloping(prenominal) to each other when in central and Eastern Europe there was a collapse of communism.This was when the single market was completed and the four freedoms of drive of goods, services, people and money was developed in addition to the Maastricht Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999. Austria, Finland and Sweden join the other member states in 1995, people are allowed to travel without border checks of passports when as, all village in Luxembourg gave its name to the Schengen agreements, numerous immature people were able to study in other countries with the support of EU and with the use of mobile phones and the internet, communication was made easier.From 2000 to present, the European Union experienced further expansion due to the introduction of a new bullion for many Europeans. The member states began t o work jointly to fight crime and introduced the war on terror after hijacked planes were flown in tender York and Washington buildings. More than 10 countries joined EU and between east and west Europe there was a healing of political divisions (Europa, 2010). b).These major institutions of the European Union are the European Parliament or EP which is elected directly by EUs citizens to act as their representative, the Council of the European Union which is a representative of individual member states and the European Commission which endeavours to sustain the amounts interest as a whole. The three form an institutional triangle which makes policies and laws applied throughout the EU. The new laws are proposed by the fit but then they are adopted by the parliament and council.In addition, the Court of Justice which maintains the European law and the Court of Auditors which checks the union activities finance are other institutions that play important roles (Europa, 2010). Moreo ver, there are also the European Investment Bank, Economic and Social Committee, Committee of the Regions, European Ombudsman, and the European Monetary Institute (ILO, 2010) The countries that make up the European Union are otherwise known as its member states. Though they maintain their independence, they come out their power together in order to achieve strength and knead which they could not as individual nations.This means that they give some decision making powers to created institutions which they share so that issues related to a common interest are decided on with democracy at European level. In total, they are27 are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (Europa, 2010) c).The European Union enables side by side(predicate) relationships between its m ember states in order to maximize on their collective potential. This applies to economic and political activities such as free trade, freedom of movement, and superior of job. In addition it serves to unify the actions of its member countries in terms of security, foreign policy, and cooperation in matters related to police and justice. A lot of beaucracy that was involved with these issues has since been dissolved. In addition it has achieved its principle aim of ensuring Europes stability after the Second World War (ILO, 2010)d). Foreign policy objectives for the European Union include peace building and peace making. This involves prevention and control of war or conflict between member states and other nations. It works to turn down suffering of related citizens The rule of law and respect for human rights and canonical freedom should also be strengthened by pursuing pushy human rights policy that is based on agreement with the respective clause that is concerned with hum an rights and democracy.An agreement based upon structured and deep political dialogue should also be established in addition to the implementation of the introduced parliamentary dimension (European Parliament, 2008) 4a). The nation-states and transnational entities pursued by the use of foreign policy tools such as diplomatic negotiations, economic aid, and sanctions, trade restrictions, military interventions, unilateral, or cooperative. These options are evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation.A nation-state can use them singly or a combination. b). The consequences of this interaction for international politics are numerous. Some of them include the subordination of national interests of a country to uphold the collective interests of the nation-states, like the United States, or the transnational entities like the European Union. The economic interdependence is likely to either make war between trading partners less l ikely or, as realists claim, that economic interdependence increases the likelihood of conflict.Such countries that engage in international may be prone to terrorists attacks besides, the nation-state can be less fashionable in other countries when the use military interventions like the case or US intervention in Iraq. References Busby,W. J. , 2010. Who Cares about the Weather? Climate form and U. S. National Security. 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