Baldwin Cycle Case

Baldwin Cycle Case 1. Relevant Cost: Direct Material$39. 8 Direct Labor$19. 6 Variable Overhead(@40% of $24. 5)$9. 8 Total Relevant Costs$69. 2 2. 2-months Raw material for 25,000 bikes @ $38. 9$165,833 WIP Inventory(1000 @ $69. 2)$69,200 Finished Goods(500 @ $69. 2)$34,600 A/R (30 days) @(25,000/12*92. 29)$192,270 Total Inventory Costs$461,904 Relevant Asset Cost (@5. 5 %) $25,405 Total Relevant Asset Cost$487,309 Interest @ 18%$87,716 Net Relevant Cost$399,593 Price Per Bicycle$15. 98 3. Cannibalization or erosion will arguably lead to reduction in Baldwin’s revenue.The lost sales amount to $1. 3 Million. However, if the challenger bikes are not introduced fearing impacts of cannibalization or erosion, Baldwin’s competitor can step in and claim the benefits. Hi-Valu can turn to Baldwin’s competitor and that can have a larger and long-term effect on an already declining bicycle market share for Baldwin. 4. It is difficult to predict return as implementation of t his deal opens up uncertainty in retaining existing customers. 5. The current inventory turnover rate is 125 days for Baldwin and 46 days for account receivable turnover.However, Hi-Valu will pay Baldwin in 30 days resulting in early cash realization. The deal also positively impacts inventory turnover by limiting it to 120 days. Thus the deal has a favorable impact on Baldwin Cash flows. 6. Baldwin’s financial situation is as follows: a. High debt to equity ratio from high amount of short-term debt b. High debt can lead to problems in raising additional financing c. From the current ratio(1. 28), it seems that Baldwin can pay of its liabilities d. With an 8. 2% ROE, Baldwin has a lower ROE than the industry average 7.Baldwin isn’t well poised at end of 1982 for the following reasons: a. Bicycle boom has flattened out resulting the plant operating capacity to be underutilized at 75% b. Challenger deal provides added capacity for a guaranteed 3 years with additional sco pe on a yearly contact basis c. Baldwin could lose sales of 3000 units and loss of current dealers due to the deal Based on long-term prospect of losing 3000 units of sales and current dealers, Baldwin should reject the deal unless some revisions to the deal are presented.

Why Boarding School Should Be Abolished

ENGLISH PROJECT WORK GROUP 4: BOARDING SCHOOLS SHOULD BE ABOLISHED (AGAINST THE MOTION) Mr. Chairman, Panel of Judges, Invited Guests, Accurate Time Keeper. Co Debators, Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to speak against the motion before the house that’ Boarding schools should be abolished. ’ Boarding schools, for some years now, have been given bad names because of fictitious stories and ideas. I would like to prove these untrue. My opponent tried in vain to give points on why boarding schools should be abolished. They expressed that boarding students have less free time. They also mentioned that extracurricular activities and athletic events fill up the student's hours. Not to forget, these same activities help in the development of mental and physical ability which helps a lot in academics as a whole. Day students do not really have such opportunities. Also, it is incorrect that boarding students are stressed and unhappy . This statement is very delusional. In 2007, a survey was taken nationwide on this topic on students who had been to both day and boarding learning institutions and 7 out of 10 said they were much happier on the whole in boarding school. With these points successfully refuted, I would also like to raise a few points on my own. Mr. Chairman, it is quite obvious that the level of discipline in boarding schools is much higher than that of day ones. This is because students are under the watchful eyes of teachers and other school workers. Their days are also planned out completely filled with tasks and chores which prepares them for the future. Being respected and accepted in society as an adult depends on the training you receive as a child. Such training can be acquired from boarding schools. Students are put in an environment where they learn to socialize and interact with their peers and school faculty. This is less easy in day schools. Mr. Chairman, academic success is much more prevalent in boarding schools. For over 20 years now, they have come out with an 89. % rate on the average which is much higher than the 74% percent results from day schools. This is as a result of better learning resources, availability of teachers at any time, attention to students and regular supervised study periods. Teenage students learn independence, responsibility, respectfulness, team work, amongst many other values which are very essential in the real world as an adult. For parents who lack time to be at home and take of their w ards due to busy schedules, boarding schools come to a huge sigh of relief to them. Not only are their children well taken care of in a safe environment, they also learn things they would have probably never learnt from them. It is therefore no surprise that most of Ghana creme de la creme in all sectors went to boarding schools. Mr. Chairman, to name a few, His Excellency John Atta Mills, former president John Kuffuor and former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and even their wards all attended boarding schools. Mr. Chairman, with these irrefutable points that have been advanced, there is no alternative but to vote against the motion that’ Boarding schools should be abolished. ’

Avoiding Alignment Trap Essay

This case analysis discusses the findings in the article ‘Avoiding the Alignment Trap’, where even though most companies are aware that IT must be aligned with business strategy in terms of aligning IT expenses with revenue growth, over 11% of companies that align IT with business strategy spend more than 13% on average on IT expenses with a resulting of less than 14% average in revenue growth. The objective of this case analysis is to recommend a governance arrangement that will lead most companies that are currently have less effective IT alignment with business alignment to IT-enabled growth where the cost of IT more than compensates with the revenue growth of the company. The recommendation is to adopt a Duopoly governance arrangement where both the CEO and CIO make decisions, form a committee to oversee IT decisions and business strategy decisions made by these leaders, and ensure adequate decision making and monitoring of performance based on IT and business-relate d decisions. The ISO 38500 can be used as a framework to monitor these decisions and evaluate IT decisions based on their effectiveness, alignment with overall strategy and the value they bring to the organization. CURRENT SITUATION According to the article, almost every company is aware that IT and business strategies must be aligned in order to gain competitive advantage in their industry. This means their IT spending must be matched with their growth strategies. To test this notion, the authors of this article surveyed 452 companies and received 504 responses. The survey determined the companies IT spending and 3-year sales compounding to determine annual growth rate. In their survey, they have found the following: 1.74% of these companies do not align IT to their business strategies. Companies allocate enough funds to their IT necessary to keep the systems running. It is not meant to add value to the business. As a result, their growth rate is 2% below on average on a three-year span 2.11% of these companies have highly aligned IT with business strategy, but not highly effective. Their IT spending was 13% higher than average and their revenue growth rate was 14% below average  3.8% of these companies spent 15% lower than average on IT that resulted in an 11% above average revenue growth rate. 4.7% of these companies spent 6% lower than average on IT that resulted in more than 35% above average revenue growth rate. To apply these findings against the different governance models, the 74% of companies that do not align IT to their business strategies have a Federal Model of Governance Arrangements. Federal Models are decisions made by leaders from different functional departments and in this type of Governance Model, they mostly pay more attention on Business Application Needs and less on IT Principles, IT Architecture & Infrastructure Strategies. 11% of companies that are highly aligned and yet incur more spending than revenue growth fall to the Business Monarchy Governance Model. In this type of governance arrangements, decisions are made by senior business leader. In the Charles Schwab example in the article, their governance arrangement is IT Monarchy. Their decisions were made by IS leader and put more emphasis on IT Architecture, Infrastructure strategies and have resulted in worst business application needs. CRITERIA To put an organization in an IT-enabled growth quadrant, an organization should adopt a Duopoly Model of governance arrangement where senior business leaders and IS leaders make decisions jointly. In other words, the CEO and CIO must work closely together to formulate the best IT principles and align it with the firm’s business strategy as a whole. Also, they must implement information technology that is less complex. In the words of Leonardo Da Vinci per the article ‘simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.’ By reducing complexity, the company builds simplified, standardized infrastructure rather than extensive customizing of information technology. With these 2 put together, it can result in effective IT governance which will enable growth in revenue in the future. Alternatives and Recommendations With respect to the article, the 85% of the companies that fall to the less effective quadrant in IT governance can start adopting a Duopoly Governance Arrangement where both the CEO and CIO work together and make decisions  jointly. With Duopoly, a committee can be formed to oversee IT decisions, rate the IT leadership by the CIOs & continuous monitoring managers within the organization in their decision making & oversight. However, some organizations do not adopt a duopoly governance arrangement due to its size. Therefore, the next governance arrangement that can be adopted by the organizations is the Business Monarchy where decisions are made by senior business leader. With this model, the business leader can ask for the financial manager’s help to identify the kinds of information and system the organization needs, perform cost-benefit analysis, evaluate options based on priority setting and needs assessment and determine what’s important and upgrade as benefit. Most of all, there must be adequate communication throughout the organization of the decision. The article suggests that to achieve an effective IT governance, companies must keep their IT environment simple. Although achieving a simple IT environment and standardizing it within the organization requires investment of time and money, in the future this can lead to lower costs. Even though complexity can still creep in, it is suggested that the company have an early-warning indicator that will keep track of IT spending with product development. If this ratio starts to increase, it is a sign that it’s time for another simplification. Down the road, companies can reach th e IT-enabled quadrant where costs are less and revenue growth is more. RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN To avoid the alignment trap, the best governance arrangement that can help an organization change its status from being trapped in aligning IT with business strategy to IT-enabled growth is to adapt a Duopoly governance arrangement where senior business leaders and IS leaders make decisions jointly-meaning the CEO and the CIO work closely together. Both these decision makers can form a committee to oversee IT decisions and ensure managers are monitored in their decision-making and oversight. They must also adapt a simple IT application; eliminate add-ons and replacing legacy systems. For guidance in decision making by the committee, the organizations can adopt ISO 38500 where the following 6 principles focuses on 3 main tasks. These 6 principles are: 1.Responsibility – everyone involved in the  committee should understand responsibilities and have the authority to meet those responsibilities 2.Strategy – aligning IT Strategy & Organizational Strategy and analysing the current and future situations of the organization and consider both the needs of organization and those that can be done within its own IS department 3.Acquisitions – can be made after both careful and rational analysis. The acquisition decision must be transparent and justified 4.Performance – information systems are implemented such that service levels and quality levels meet the organization’s needs both now and in the future 5.Conformance – compliance with regulations & legislations 6.Human Behaviour – ensures respect for current and evolving needs of all individuals involved The 3 main tasks are: 1.Evaluate current and future needs on a continual basis – focuses on continual improvement & incorporates the principles above both now and in the future 2.Preparation and Implementation of investment plans – the committee needs to make sure that responsibilities for plans and policies are clearly being assigned 3.Monitor performance and conformance to policies against the plans – crucial in monitoring expected service levels being met. If this is not done properly, then there won’t be appropriate information for decision making. Reaching the IT-enabled quadrant is not easy and it involves a big investment in simplifying the IT used within the organization. This is why most organizations focuses temporarily on effectiveness of IT implementations within the organization more than alignment of IT with organizational strategy. This means giving up specific applications customized on a particular division in order to achieve its desired performance and centralizing and simplifying a good part of the IT function.

Behaviorist Models and Methods of Terrorism Essay

Behaviorist Models and Methods of Terrorism - Essay Example Most seem to share a feature of a psychological condition known as the anti-social personality disorder or psychopathic personality disorder, which is an absence of empathy for the suffering of others – they don’t feel other people’s pain. However, they do not appear unstable or mentally ill. Someone who is mentally ill may want to commit an act of terror, but as most terrorism requires cooperating with others, this makes it less likely that a mentally ill person will actually carry out such an act because of the difficulty they have in working with others. Terror groups usually dislike or distrust those who wish to join them, who appear to be unstable. â€Å"It is very rare to find a terrorist who suffers from a clinically defined ‘personality disorder’ or who could in any other way be regarded as mentally ill or psychologically deviant† (Silke, 1998). It is not a coincidence that many terrorists come from places where peace is not the norm; places like the Middle East or Northern Ireland, where all the present generation of young people have known is regular, extreme, well-publicised violence. Violence could be the norm for such young people, whether it is on a wide scale or within a smaller community or family. It may come to be considered the normal response to achieve objectives. The process of becoming a terrorist is primarily an issue of socialization. The move from being disaffected to becoming an active terrorist is usually precipitated by a catalyst† (Silke, 2001). Most sociologists believe in nurture not nature and see terrorists as driven by political ideology and political grievances. Terrorists are often the products of overly permissive, wealthy families with whom they were in conflict, had inconsistent mothering or were isolated from others.

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example In respect of establishment of an easement there has been a criteria that has been laid down in Re Ellenborough Park1 which are generally referred to. The first criterion is that there must be a dominant and servient tenement and therefore the easement cannot exist in gross. (Hawkins v. Rutler)2. Clearly in respect of the facts at hand there was a land that is number 3 which was the dominant tenement and a servient tenement that is number 1. The second criterion is that the dominant and servient tenement must be owned or occupied by different persons (Roe v. Siddons)3. In respect of the facts at hand even if the land was owned by the same person according to Wright v. Macadam4 the occupation by different persons would allow an easement to be created. Thirdly the fact the easement must benefit the dominant tenement and this is dependent upon the proximity of the servient tenement; it should not be purely personal advantage (Hill v Tupper); and the right must not that be of a recreatio nal user. In respect of the fact at hand clearly there can be seen the fact that the benefit is of the dominant tenement. ... the facts at hand, the second that there must be a grantee which is evident because the tenants were granted the rights; thirdly the subject matter of grant is sufficiently certain, which is clear enough in respect of the facts that is the right to cross; and finally the right must be capable of being called an easement that is it is covered under the rights which have been recognized to be easements, which has been done in respect of the right to cross. The final factor that has not been expressly listed down in the case was that of public policy which is considered when determining whether an easement is existent or not. The next aspect that is considered is that easement can be existent either legally or under equity as laid down under section 1 of the Law of Property Act (LPA) 1925. As far as legal easements are considered there are a number of formalities that need to be fulfilled. The first requirement is that for a legal easement there must either be a fee simple absolute in p ossession or as an adjunct to a term of years (section 1 LPA 1925). Secondly easements can only be legal if created by way of statute, by prescription, by deed or registered disposition. All other easement are equitable in nature. As far as easements by statute are concerned they are created by the Acts of Parliament, which is clearly not the case in respect of the facts at hand. As far easement by prescription is concerned it is by way of long use and is by way of common law prescription, ‘lost modern grant and/or Prescription Act 1832. In respect of easement by prescription it can be in fee simple only. Thus clearly this would not be applicable to the case at hand As far as deed or registered disposition is concerned this is done by way of a formal document which has clearly not been

Summary Paper over Getting Real in the Classroom by Ellen Goodman Essay

Summary Paper over Getting Real in the Classroom by Ellen Goodman - Essay Example As Goodman puts it, they offered â€Å"a horror story† of the boys academic fall, presenting various incontestable evidences. Actually, the problem is that boys fall behind girls. This has given ground for discussion of the issue from the prospective of feminism and sexism, brain studies and genetic biology, all of them proving that something is wrong with males in this country. As a result Doug Anglin, a senior from Milton High School in Massachusetts, even filed a lawsuit against sex discrimination in the whole system. Goodman does not agree with Anglin’s claim. The author of this paper supports him with both hands. It is a well known fact that boys face problems in learning, while it is against their nature to sit still listening carefully and following all the teacher’s demands. Females are too timid to violate rules. Males often abandon some subject for the sake of their special individual interests. For instance, some of my male classmates were interested i n electronics and cars, others in politics, history or physics, and those interests were pursued instead of learning the academic program. As the result, when graduating males usually possess knowledge making them specialists in some field and enabling them to earn money, while females can do almost nothing but fulfill teachers’ and academic requirements. Teachers often curse their male students instead of paying special attention to their personalities. Perhaps, the problem is not in students, but in grown-ups teaching them. In respond to all the disturbing studies, Washington carried out a crisis intervention claiming that, in fact, those are not boys who are doing worse, but girls who are doing better. The boys have shown better results recently. The report also informed that girls tend to score higher in reading and writing, while boys are better in math and science. Yet, Goodman finds danger in these facts. Girls close their math gap faster than

Digitalized New Yorker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Digitalized New Yorker - Research Paper Example developed artistic taste and established new standards of magazine literature with its skillfully written stories, brilliant essays, intelligent humor, self-sufficient caricatures, reviews of uncommon books, performances, movies. Mr. Ross wanted to create the magazine of a subtle humor. Having taken in partners the businessman Raul Fleyshmann Ross founded F-R Publishing Company, and remained the editor of the magazine till the death in 1951. Though the magazine did not lose sense of humor, it soon won reputation in the serious journalistic environment with its cartoons and unexpected reviews of uncommon books, performances, and movies. Speaking about New York`s cultural life The New Yorker was meant to become a visit card of Big Apple, however, it is highly demanded throughout America generally (The New Yorker history 2). The New Yorker has published the stories of many popular writers, and some stories from the magazine were transformed into the film scenarios. Among The New Yorker`s writers there were Vladimir Nabokov, Roland Dahl, Haruki Murakami, J.D. Salinger, John Updake. Such films as Adaptaion by Charlie Cauffman or The hours by Michael Cunnigham have appeared after the stories were adapted to the screen (The New Yorker history 2). The edition uses specific spelling with application of diaresis marks over repeating vowels in words where they are said separately is allocated, without forming a digraph as in the word â€Å" reelected†. The New Yorker along with Technology Review published by MIT, are one of the few editions keeping this practice. Besides, record of numbers by a copy-book, including rather long ("for the-seven thousand" instead of "47000") is accepted. The New Yorker, as a rule, does not use italics tracing for record of names of books, movies, and other works. Instead they are quoted. Though italics are used at the mention of other printing editions, it is used only for the name of the edition while the name of the city is typed by a usual

Article Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Summary - Research Paper Example Using prayer as an intervention within sessions requires a delicate awareness of an individual client on the part of the counselor. Likewise, with a secular counselor, there is a potential for weakness in the intervention that might render it ineffective or, even worse, harmful for the individual client. With these considerations in mind, the authors consider ethical mandates, articulate concerns, and make recommendations with respect to how to safeguard faith-based interventions from becoming useless or harmful and how to utilize those methods effectively. The authors begin their consideration with a brief description of the prevalence of prayer and spirituality within the counseling community of the United States. Among the highlights of these considerations is the fact that a vast majority of Christian-based counseling agencies (76 percent to 100 percent) believe that prayer is an appropriate intervention for clients, in contrast to 11 percent of secular agencies believing that pr ayer is appropriate for clients. Within the marriage and family counseling community, a vast majority (95 percent) believe that spiritual and mental health is related. However, only a slight majority (62 percent) actually utilized the spiritual dimension in their practice. This differential might be due to a lack of education on how to successfully integrate the two dimensions and the relative novelty of considering spirituality in a counseling practice (p. 126). Bearing in mind how widespread the use of faith-based interventions is in clinical practice, particularly with Christian-based counselors, the authors move on to consider the ethical responsibilities of counselors. These responsibilities ultimately reduce to promoting â€Å"the welfare of clients† and avoiding â€Å"harming their clients† (p. 127). To promote client welfare and avoid harm, the authors recommend that all counselors take an initial assessment of clients to evaluate their spirituality, which invo lves asking directed questions. Next, the authors recommend determining whether using spirituality in the treatment could harm or benefit clients. For instance, clients with mental health problems â€Å"may act out their problems religiously† (p. 128). Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that an individual is religiously mature before proceeding with an intervention based on spirituality. Knowing when prayer could be helpful or harmful will reduce the risk of incorporating certain kinds of therapies, according to the authors. Although prayer with less developed clients might increase superficial faith through insecure prayer, prayer with more developed clients might facilitate growth and self-awareness. All of these steps require a high degree of training on the part of the counselor (p.131). Additionally, faith-based interventions require a great amount of multicultural sensitivity, especially with an increasingly diverse population. In addition to specifying that counselor s should promote the welfare and avoid harm to their clients, the ACA Code of Ethics also states that counselors should recognize diversity and embrace a cross-cultural approach, which refers to the identification of differences between individuals. Just like individual differences are crucial to deciding whether clients are spiritual mature enough for prayer in-session, counselors need to recognize and use vocabulary and imagery that is

Design an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney regeneration Essay

Design an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney regeneration project - Essay Example Hackney becomes a prime business location targeting a low carbon economy and innovative high value manufacturing (Hackney, 2010). It also believed that the developments in the housing stock, schools and public realm make Hackney an attractive location to live in, visit and work at. This paper will proceed to provide an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney regeneration project. The Heart of Hackney regeneration project is a major undertaking not only for the borough but as a national initiative to address urban degradation. The 2012 Summer Olympics became a good excuse to prioritize East London as problems about urban sprawl become international in significance due to global warming and growing integration of cultures. In addressing the objectives and implicit theory of change by the Heart of hackney regeneration project, it is imperative to dig through its economic goals, the underlying factor for all growth aspirations. In the consultation draft (Hackney, 2010), the Hackney Council set the Economic Development Strategy. It acknowledged the opportunity that the borough has at the moment which it also needs to seize in order to fit as â€Å"an engine for London’s renewed economic growth,† (Hackney 2010, p 2). In general, the EDS objective is to help shape the local economic direction in order to provide long-term prosperity for the residents. The Council acknowledged that despite the recent employment growth in Hackney placing it just one percent below the London average did not spell the ideal as the borough still is considered the second most deprived in England due to long-term unemployment. Specifically, the program is currently focused on its Ways into Work program. A mentioned in the report, Hackney is providing interventions to out-of-school youths and unemployed individuals in the form of volunteerism, training, temporary employment, and other means to

Medical case study report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical case study report - Essay Example Frequent monitoring of the blood sugar at least after every 4 hours is also important to ensure the episodes of hypoglycaemia do not occur (1). The second scenario could be if Dooley’s creatinine clearance >50-60 ml/min or higher, it is recommended that metformin be administered at a reduced dose while increasing as tolerated to a highest of 1G daily. The third scenario is if Mr. Dooley had comfortably used Gliclazide 60mg for a long time, it may be continued. However, this should be taken with food followed by close monitoring of blood glucose to avert any episode of hypoglycaemia (2). Therapeutics issues: Clarithromycin has the capability of interacting with simvastatin thus may lead to the increase in the simvastatin’s blood levels because clarithromycin is CYP 3A4 inhibitor and Simvastatin mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 administration with drugs that inhibit these enzymes may increase its concentration which increase risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (Paravastatin a re not metabolised by CYP enzyme therefore it had reduce risk) (3). Also verapamil interact with simvastatin which could increase in simvastatin level which increase risk of liver damage. Heart rate may also be lowered by combining verapamil and clarithromycin since this combination reduces blood pressure and may cause dizziness and headaches. The patient is also advised to cease use verapamil because it has potential for side effects such as constipation. Suggested use of CCB (lercanidipin) 10mg daily which can be increased in a two weeks time depending on the therapeutic response exhibited by the patient. Long term use of coloxy and Senna is not recommended since they stimulate laxatives in long term treatment of constipation. It should therefore be withdrawn gradually within two to four weeks and the bowel condition checked regularly. The use of high doses of Fosinopril dose is not healthy for the elderly patient since it could also contribute to dizziness and lightheadness. The

Water pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water pollution - Research Paper Example Water pollution has turned out to be a global threat that significantly affects the existence of humans,animals and plant.Water pollution is contamination of water ecosystems such as rivers,ground waters,oceans and lakes.It occurs through direct or indirect discharge of pollutants into water bodies without proper treatment. Polluted water is the main causes of human infections and deaths through waterborne diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid fever. This portfolio report seeks to give detailed investigations on leading causes of water pollution and efforts being made to control water pollution. There are various factors that contribute to the problems of water pollution namely, Industrial waste, sewage, acid rain and surface runoff. There are not many techniques of controlling this pollution and currently many researches are being carried out with the aim of finding helpful solution to these problems. The first major causes of water pollution include industrial waste and sewage that are discarded into water bodies. Most of these industrial and sewage waste contains chemicals some of which reacts with water forming toxic substances. These toxic substances are very harmful for both aquatic organisms and human beings when consumed. As the wastes, decay it uses up oxygen and this can affect most of aquatic organisms since they depend on the oxygen in water to survive. Large accumulation of these wastes into the river blocks of waterways other clogs on the vital organs such as fish gills making it impossible for them to breathe thus causing death. Chemicals from these wastes also find their ways in the bodies of a human being when the water is used for irrigation and it contaminate plants and transmit infection to farm employees and consumers (Agarwal, 2005). A solution to this kind of water pollution would be frequent cleaning of affected rivers and carrying out water quality testing to determine the level of oxygen and different chemicals present in water. This c an be done through analyses of water samples in the laboratory for both physical and chemical properties. Industries should also refrain from discharging their waste into rivers. Currently, many industries are using ion exchange technology to remove magnesium and calcium that causes water hardness. Ion exchange can process a wide range of chemicals and provide selective recovery. It consists of columns filled with resin beads that provide a large surface are for anion and cation sites. During the exchange, anionic resins exchange hydroxyl ions for negatively charged chlorides, chromates and sulfates. Cationic resins exchange hydrogen ions (H+) for positively charged ions such as cadmium, nickel, sodium and copper. This technology has helped in removing most toxic chemicals from water thus reducing water pollution (Rao, 2006). Another cause of water pollution is acid rain. It results from burning of fossil fuels having a high level of sulfur. Burning oil and petrol from industries an d heavy commercial vehicles releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. After combining with water droplets in the atmosphere they results to formation of weak solutions of nitric and sulfuric acids. When this solution undergoes precipitation they fall as acid rain. As this acidic rain falls into water bodies, it is weakened but as time goes, it increases and eventually lowers the Ph of water. This increases the acidity levels of water bodies and destroys aquatic life. It also increases the acidity levels of soils, which can kill plants because it interferes with soil nutrients. Introduction of low sulfur diesels has helped in reducing the level of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide released during combustion. Invention of selective catalytic reduction technology which uses ad blue solution has also helped in reducing emissions from heavy vehicles. Ad blue is a solution of urea in water and is mostly used in diesel engines of heavy trucks. The ad blu e solution helps

Reconstituting Local Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

Reconstituting Local Manufacturing Essay Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets, or has Globalization ultimately made this impossible? The global economy and marketplace have impacted local industry and local manufacturing harshly. With consumers having choices from international companies able to import their products, a common market pool for the whole world, it has become more difficult for the local merchants to thrive. Also, many Western companies have established themselves in developing countries, such as McDonalds and Starbucks, with over 31,000 and 18,000 locations operating worldwide respectively. While the influx of multi national corporations has created economic opportunities for many in the communities that they operate within. However, with this prosperity has come the evaporation of local industries. What are some of the factors that could help or inhibit the reconstitution of local manufacturing and local food markets. One enormous problem could be the price of doing business and the amount of capital it takes to operate in these markets. These international companies have vast reserves of capital to fund their operations in various countries, even buying up local enterprises to reduce their competition. These corporations also spend an enormous amount of cash on advertising. Thus they are able to extend their brand recognition into their new destinations. This is the formula that has also worked well in American cities. Companies are able to buy out their competition with less expensive production costs or less overhead. These companies can operate on a smaller margin than the local merchants, who do not have the benefit of mass produced overseas inventory. (Kantor, 2002). On a political scale, globalization has had an effect on the policies put into place by local entities that have an impact on the local manufacturing and food market. Through the increased surge in international competition, national policies that are aimed at preserving the structure of local communities and upholding social equality have dwindled and been phased out. Looking to nurture economic growth, many local governments invite foreign investments (Held McGrew, 2012). While these foreign investors infuse  currency into the local economies, the toll they take on the local markets, may not be worth the tradeoff. Could the local governments be taking or mismanaging the funds? Perhaps the cash infusion could be put to better use to help stabilize or revitalize the local manufacturing and markets. The case could also be made that the concessions that the local governments make to entice international companies into their country make it difficult for or at the least do not address the local manufacturing companies and their concerns. Because of the problems caused for the local manufacturing and food markets, wages and income for the local population also suffers, which influences their purchasing power. This creates a circular effect because without purchasing power the local community cannot support more local manufacturing. This is certainly a way in which globalization has hindered local manufacturing and will make it difficult to reconstitute it in the future. Some of the ideals championed by those who favor globalization will naturally work against the reconstitution of local manufacturing and food markets. For example, the principle of economic advantage commonly referred to as the iron law, demands that the best of the countries that initiate competitive strategies is deemed to outdo other competitors from the market. Put simply, if a particular foreign country grows a particular local product more efficiently, then there would be no need to grow the product locally (Davis, 2012). This would force the importation of the product from a foreign country which would obviously hamper the ability of local establishments to be able to compete in that market. In fact, some experts think that because of globalization, in the future all food consumed in America will be imported from elsewhere. It has become financially beneficial to import food instead of growing it locally. This change in economic patterns in response to globalization has hampered the growth of the local industry (Obstfeld, 2000). And functioning in this way will certainly hamper the local manufacturing and food markets to be reestablished and flourish. Another factor of globalization that is well documented is that of outsourcing jobs to developing countries with a cheaper labor force. Much of  this outsourcing has come in the manufacturing sector with many American workers losing their jobs to countries such as China and India. This outsourcing has a great negative impact on the local industry as it deprives it of a reliable workforce (Kantor, 2012). Without stemming the flow of such work overseas, it would make it very difficult to reconstitute the local manufacturing. For those countries that receive these workers however, there is an enormous benefit to their manufacturing sector. The influx of capital from foreign companies investing in their country and the employment opportunities they provide for the workforce give a boost to the local economy. With continued investments coming in and plenty of jobs for their workforce, globalization has actually strengthened the local manufacturing of many foreign countries. Thom Hartman makes some interesting points in his Huffington Post article. Mr. Hartman describes how globalization is destroying the United States’ wealth through multinational corporations transferring all of their manufacturing overseas. He points out that in the late 1940’s and 1950’s manufacturing accounted for 28 percent of the United States total gross domestic product. Even during the Reagan administration is was at 20 percent. However, today it is about ten percent of our GDP (Hartmann, 2010). By shipping so much of our manufacturing overseas, the US is no longer self sufficient and able to create much wealth. By not generating wealth, but rather spending it on all of the foreign manufactured goods, there has been a slow degrading of the nation’s middle class. Of course, we as consumers love the idea of paying less for our goods, but it has to be realized that it comes at a cost. Many companies have cut jobs or reduced salaries, so those â€Å"cheap† goods are not such a bargain anymore. For this trend to stop and be reversed, nations such as the United States must rebuild their manufacturing base and become locally self-sufficient again (Hartmann, 2010). The idea would be for the country’s consumers to buy products manufactured by their own workers. While no answers or even ideas for reversing the problem globalization has caused were offered, it paints a clear picture that something needs to be done quickly. References Kantor Paul, (2002). Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe. Princeton University Press Hartmann, Thom, (2010). Globalization Is Killing The Globe: Return to Local Economies. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thom-hartmann/globalization-is-killing_b_454091.html Held, D. McGrew, A. (2012) Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies. (2012), Cambridge. Davis, C. L.(2012). Why Adjudicate? Enforcing Trade Rules in the WTO. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from Project MUSE database. Obstfeld, Maurice (2000). The Global Capital Market: Benefactor or Menace? The Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 12, No. 4., pp. 9-30.

Evaluation Task-Centered and Crisis Intervention Theories

Evaluation Task-Centered and Crisis Intervention Theories Select a social work intervention, evaluate its theoretical roots and influences and compare it to at least one other approach. Describe briefly how you would apply your chosen approach in work with a service user or carer group and evaluate its effectiveness. Use at least one piece of research to inform your evaluation. You will need to demonstrate the ability to detect, understand and evaluate potential for discrimination generally with particular emphasis on two specific areas. This paper will evaluate the theoretical roots and influences of two psychological social work intervention theories task-centred and crisis intervention. They will be applied to practice with a children and family setting. The potential for each intervention to discriminate on the grounds of age and race will be demonstrated and evaluated. Both theories will be contrasted and evaluated in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and effectiveness, by use of informed literature and research. Theories can provide social workers with a safe base to explore situations and understand complex human behaviour (Coulshed and Orme 2006). Used wisely, they can promote effective, anti-oppressive practice (Wilson 2008). Theory underpins the social work degree (Coulshed and Orme) and the growing emphasis on evidence-based practice ensures theory is at the heart of the profession (Corby 2006). The most significant theory within social work is Freuds psychodynamic theory (Daniel 2008). Payne (2007:80) goes say far as to suggest that psychodynamic work is social work. It was the original theory social workers drew upon to understand complex human behaviour (Coulshed and Orme 2006). It is also the theory from which many others have been developed or as Payne (2005) suggests, opposed. For these reasons, it can be difficult to understand other theories without knowledge of psychodynamic (QUOTE, QUOTE). Psychodynamic is a major underpinning base of crisis intervention, more specifically, ego psychology, developmental psychology, and cognitive behavioural approaches and systems theory (McGinnis 2009). These theories provide an understanding of the particular psychological characteristic of people in such situations (Beckett 2006, p110). By contrast, task-centred was established within social work. Stemming specifically, from Reid and Shynes (1969) research into the profession (McColgan (Lindsay ed.) 2010). Reid and Shyne claim the roots and influences of task-centred were not derived or borrowed from any other discipline (Parker and Bradley, 2010; Watson and West, 2006). Therefore, Trevithick (2005) suggests task-centred should be referred to as a work or practice, rather than an approach. However, many writers contest this, including Doel (2009) and Marsh (2008) who assert association lies with behavioural and problem-solving approaches to social work. On reflection there are stark similarities between problem-solving tool and behavioural. Crisis intervention was developed by Caplan from Lindeman and Caplans work into loss and grief (QUOTE). It is not a single model in the way that task-centred casework is a single model, but rather a group of models for short-term work with people at points of acute crisis (Beckett 2006, p110). A crisis is a precipitating hazardous event which is meaningful or threatening to oneself (Payne 2005:104). Crises are often caused by sudden loss or change (McGinnis 2010:39). However, it is not the event that defines a crisis, but rather the service users perception and emotional interpretation (Parker and Bradley 2010). What may present a crisis for one may be considered a challenge for another because people have different life experiences, cultural backgrounds, coping strategies and levels of resilience. Crises can be predicable, as in Eriksons psychosocial model (which views developmental conflicts as part of the life course), or unpredictable crises which cannot be foreseen for instance, a natural disaster, ill health and poverty or even a burglary (Hamer 2006) (ONLINE). Crises reduce the psychological coping ability by challenging the homeostasis (normal equilibrium) (Thompson 1991). When ones usual coping resources are unsuccessful in responding to their problem and they cannot adopt alternative internal strategies or find another way to cope, they are likely to find themselves in crisis (Hamer 2006). Caplan argued, that people act as self-regulating systems (Trevithick 2005:267), in that they strive to retain homeostasis. He believed that in addition to the occasional crises caused by unpredicted events people experience developmental crisis throughout the life course. He further argued that preventative work, offered at the time of such developmental crises, might be effective in reducing symptoms of psychiatric illness (Wilson et al. 2008: 361). Unsuccessfully resolved crises can lead to psychologically incapacitating experiences such as regression, mental illness, feelings of hopefulness and inadequacy, or destructive action (Wilson et al. 2008:362). Equally, crises can stir up repressed feelings (Coulshed and Orme 2006). For example, a marriage breakdown may reactivate repressed feelings of rejection and loss from being taken into care as a child. This can add to the sense of feeling overwhelmed and overburdened (a double dose) (Coulshed and Orme 2006:135). While this may provide the opportunity to address a repressed event, the more unresolved crises one has, the more vulnerable they are to future crises (Hamer 2006). Similarly, if unhelpful coping mechanisms are employed during a crisis, this has the potential to create another crisis (Watson and West 2006). Crises produce biological stress responses whereby the fight or flight mechanism is activated. CHINESE MODEL This energy can be fuelled into developing new coping strategies and resilience for now and the future (Thompson 1991, p20). Thompson (1991:10 citing Caplan 1961) uses to his three stage model to understand the characteristics of a crisis. The impact stage is short-lived and characterised by stress and confusion where the event can appear unreal. The second is the recoil stage. This is characterised by disorganisation and intensity of emotion. For example, emotions can be directed externally (anger), internally (guilt) or both concurrently. There may be psychical symptoms as well such as, fatigue, headaches (and) stomach disorder. The final stage is adjustment and adaption. Crises take on average four to eight weeks to resolve and it is during this final period that a crisis can be resolved as a breakthrough or breakdown (Thompson 1991:10). If unhelpful coping mechanisms are used during this stage, they have the potential to create another crisis (Watson and West 2006). As such, skilled crisis intervention during this time can lead to a breakthrough (Thompson 1991:10). For application to practice, Roberts 2000 cited in Wilson et al 2008:366 Uses a seven stage model: Assess risk safety of service user Establish rapport and appropriate communication Identify and define major problems Deal with feelings and provide support Explore possible alternative responses Formulate action plan Provide follow up service IN APP: Try to find trigger but dont get lost in it What is happening to them? How do they normally cope internally/externally? Do they use just psychological or social and community resources to good effect? Opp to help back to homeo but also to improve Min danger enhance risk Mobilise support system advocate Calm, reassure, rapport, interest Develop new techs of coping thro counselling Remember person open for limited period Get SU to set goals give beginning and sense of control Short term incremental to build confidence and new learning Dont set up for failure If using the example given above, the situation does not constitute a crisis, but rather a series of/or large problem, task-centred can be utilised to address these. Task-centred practice involves five structured steps which are essential to its effectiveness (HOWE BOOK): The first step is for the social worker to understand the problems faced, the methods used to respond to the problem and the preferred situation. These are defined and expressed by the service user (Thompson, 2005). Anna expresses she is feeling low since the recent birth of her son, she is worried she does not have the natural mothering ability and cannot remember the last time she last had an adult conversation. She doesnt know where to turn for help. The social worker explores cultural and structural XXXXX it becomes clear that Anna cannot tell her family how she is feeling because it is frowned upon by her culture. She would love to feel happy and in control again. Using feminist perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Her cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. During the next stage the social worker encourages Anna to prioritise which parts of the problems she would like to work on first. With support she breaks the problem down in manageable chunks. This process helps Anna to see that her problem is not insurmountable; it gives her hope and a focus. It is essential during this time that the social worker remains empathetic and builds Anna hopes. The following stage is based upon negotiation in partnership. Together, Anna and social worker agree a maximum of three problems for desired change. Each goal must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (Doel AND WHO YEAR p36) to ensure Anna is not set for failure. The first of task might be for Anna will visit the local Childrens Centre next week to find out what services they offer. The second step could be attending a session as the Childrens Centre. A timeline for the tasks (usually 12 weekly sessions), together with agreement of who will complete which tasks will form a written contract, signed by both parties. The agreed contract is implemented and monitored until evaluation or termination. This allows for flexibility should this be required (such as extension of time or reorganisation of problems). Anti-oppressive practice lies at its core of task-centred and the values of social work practice are integrated. Partnership working promotes social justice and seeks to reduce the power imbalance between worker and service user. Thompson (2007, p50) agrees stating user involvement and partnership working are part of a political commitment to promoting social justice, social inclusion and equality. These aspects are further supported by the British Association of Codes of Practice, Codes of Ethics for Social Work (DATE) (24 October 2010). The promotion of choice for service users by their own identification of the problem and prioritisation of their goals empowers. It also views the service as an expert in their situation. The nature of breaking down problems (often considered insurmountable) builds a sense of hope for service users to overcome them (QUOTE) The simplicity of the model means it is easy to understand and apply and enables service user to use it for future problem solving (Doel and Marsh 1995). This builds resilience and empowers service users. The model recognises and builds upon service users strengths because it considers they have the personal resources to solve their problems with limited support. This empowers by enabling service users to take control and ownership (McColgan, (Lindsay ed.) 2010). A contract provides transparency and clarity. It places the focus on the problem, rather than the individual. It also allows for flexibility for the level or duration of support to be increased or goals to be reorganised. Because the model is time-limited it decreases the risk of dependency and creates motivation to respond to tasks (Doel AND WHO, DATE, p36). The successful completion of tasks, lead to personal growth of the service user, in terms of confidence and self-esteem for now and for the future. For the worker and agency it offers a time and cost effective intervention. It also saves on future resources by building service users to solve their own problems in the future. A note of caution is that it would be oppressive and ineffective if used with service users with limited cognitive functioning (such as poor mental health, learning disability or dementia). The model is also incompatible where there are complex underlying issues because it cannot address them. Additionally, it may not consider structural oppression such as class, poverty, ill health, gender or racial oppression. Because of the nature of partnership, service users need to be willing to participate for the model to be effective (Trevithick 2005). A written, signed contract may encourage a power imbalance between social worker and service user, placing the social worker as the expert. Marsh (Davies ed. 2008) warns that while task-centred practice may be the most popular theory among social work students, perhaps owing to its simplicity. The quality of its application is often undermined. Many believing they are carrying out task-centred practice work, when actually they are not. PAGE 121 BBB In applying crisis intervention the social worker must establish a rapport with Anna using skills of empathy and active listening, while also assessing the risk of harm to Anna and her child (Mc Ginnis 2010). Importance should also be given to the non-verbal communication of the service user. Anna should be supported in exploring the problem (the objective facts) and her emotional response to the problem (the subjective) (Beckett 2006). The social worker can assist by asking sensitive open questions (to ensure it remains Annas story) and responding by showing acceptance. McGinnis (2010, p45) claims showing acceptance is key to effective relationship building. It can also promote anti-oppressive practice and social justice by not judging the service user. The information collected should focus upon the here and now, although the past should be acknowledged. The social worker should find out the attempts Anna has made to respond to her problem, while at the same time reassuring Anna. McGinnis (2010:45) suggests achieving reassurance by gently reframe(ing) the clients perception of self and events into a more realistic understanding of the situation. Therefore, the social worker could say I imagine you feel isolated; It sounds as if you have had a lot to cope with one you own. Empathy should be shown the entire intervention by the social worker, by use of lexis and non-verbal communication. If the service user is assessed as being in crisis the social worker can explain the concept of crisis intervention and agree the nature of the work to be carried out. Arguably crisis intervention is also anti-oppressive. It seeks to effect positive change in behaviour now and for the future, through the building of resilience and coping mechanisms. It can also release service users from their past by addressing repressed issues. All of which results in empowerment of service user.   Integrates with codes of practice WHAT CODES Active listening and empathy Crisis intervention provides a safe structure of intervention for social worker, service user and use by voluntary agencies in addition to statutory. QUOTE The time limited nature is anti-oppressive because it reduces the risk of dependency for the service user. Additionally, it provides an economical intervention for the social worker and agency. This is supported by research undertaken by the NCHà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (QUOTE) Factors such as individual culture, values, gender, race, class and age can be taken into account because the service user is the expert and defines their own experience. (QUOTE) Crisis intervention can be applied to many situations, namely, predictable crises in line with Eriksons ego psychology model and unpredictable crises. (QUOTE) Conversely, there are many criticisms. The service user must be committed to working with the social worker to effect change (QUOTE) The very nature of the word crisis can lead to the theory being used inappropriatelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. sw may assume su in crisis due to event There is an imbalance in the power dynamic between social worker and service user because of the vulnerable nature of the service due to the crises. Moreover, the social work is considered the expert. This can leave room for unethical behaviour on the social workers part (QUOTE) As crisis is short-lived, many social work agencies may not be able to respond fast enough to take full advantage of this window (Wilson et al. 2008). KEYWORD the brevity of the intervention may not be long enough to resolve a service users issues fully (QUOTE) Research suggests that people respond to crises differently and at varying speeds, due to age, culture and cognitive impairments. Thus the model may need to be adapted to suit the service user and the situation, although, adaptation may render it unsafe for practice (Wilson et al 2008). The theory involves active listening and empathy on behalf of the social worker. As the intervention involves use of active listening and empathy on behalf of the social worker, this may provoke many emotions. The social worker must remain empathetic and professional with an awareness of self. Crisis intervention is also criticised as being Eurocentric. Ignoring different traditions and cultures and being concerned simply with fixing the problem as quickly as possible (Wilson et al. 2008). This can lead to oppressive practice. In conclusion Psychodynamic as discussed, was the theory of the day. It provided according to Howe (2009), complex, inefficient, open-ended intervention. In comparison, task-centred offered an effective, simply structured, easy to understand, time-limited approach, which dealt with the here and now (Howe, 2009). Reid and Shynes concluded through their research, that short-term intervention was effective (Trevithick 2005), and that problem-solving was more likely to be successful if a deadline was in place (Marsh Davies ed. 2008). SUMMARY While both interventions are suitable for differing situations, there are several similarities. Both are individualistic-reformist in that neither truly addresses social change. Both have the potential to oppress and discriminate, but this can be overcome if assessments are sensitive to anti-oppressive practice (Wilson et al. 2008:366). They are both time-limited. Payne (2005:105) quoting James and Gilliland (2001) purports there are three crisis intervention models: The equilibrium model Caplans (1965) original approach. Individuals are seen as experiencing disequilibrium. The focus is upon return them to equilibrium enabling them to respond effectively to their problems. Secondly, The cognitive model Associated with Roberts (2000) Ego psychology developed by Erikson, views the course of life as a series milestones through which conflicts occur. Developmental psychology considers early experiences shape personalities in adulthood. (Daniel ed-Davies 2008); cognitive behavioural approaches and systems theory (McGinnis 2009:37). 3.3 Strengths (pay attention to AOP and values) Time limited reduces risk of dependency In line with codes of practice WHAT CODES SU more open to help and change at a time of crisis (for a limited period)

The effects of teenage acne on the individual’ psyche

The effects of teenage acne on the individual’ psyche Adolescence, from the Latin word adolescere means to grow up. Adolescence is the period of life where teenagers will undergo puberty, which is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood that involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes (yan yans adolescence). During puberty, teenagers experience a rapid physical growth and psychological changes due to a surge in hormone production. Examples of the effects on puberty on teenagers are development of facial and genital hair, development of breast in girls and changes in voice in boys. The development tasks of teenagers during puberty also include developing a sense of identity and self-worth, and hence, teenage acne has a high potential to cause adverse psychological and societal effects on teenagers (5). In this essay, the focus will be on the psychological and societal impact of teenage acne developed during puberty on teenager. Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, pimple or zit, is very common in teenagers, over 90% of males and 80% of females will be affected by the age of 21 years [1](1). Teenage acne is a skin disorder results from the action of androgen, a male sex hormone released during puberty. Male sex hormone is not only found in men but also found in lesser amount in women. Therefore, both male and female teenagers have the tendency to suffer from teenage acne. The hormone causes the sebaceous gland on the skin to secrets sebum, an oily substance on skin. Sebum is then secreted onto the skin surface via the hair follicles opening. Mixture of oil and cells allows the growth of bacteria in the follicle openings. When the growth of bacteria happens, pore of skin will become clogged, inflammation may occur, and acne is developed. [2](web2) Teenage acne commonly appears on the face and the back, but it is also possible to have acne on the chest, arms, buttocks, groin and armpit area. Basically, acne can be formed at anywhere where there are the presence of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Apart from being the largest organ of the body, skin has long been recognised as the organ of expression and communication. Skin serves as the boundary between ourselves and the outside world [3](Sack, pg1). Skin can react to physiological stimuli such as rash caused by allergies and also react to psychological stimuli such as blushing when feel embarrassed [5](van moffaert pg1). Skin is like a mirror to reflects our soul. A healthy skin, like a healthy soul, is essential for individual physical and psychological well-being and self-confidence [4](2). During adolescence, teenage tend to be more concern about their appearance and the judgment of their peers. As appearance and conformity are warmly valued by teenagers, therefore when a teenager suffers from acne, they may feel socially devalued and repelled by their peers.[6](web1). Due to the fact that adolescence is a point of increase in sensitivity, where they are exuberant and want to look the best. Therefore, even mild acne will produce significant psychosocial impact to a teenager. Being in a society that emphasises greatly on appearance, teenage acne sufferers often feel uncomfortable and embarrassed (web 3). Generally, people will perceive that formation of acne is due to the lack of personal hygiene. Others tend to judge a person according to their physical appearance, this will cause harmful effects on a teenage acne sufferers self-esteem. Teenagers with acne will have lower self-esteem as they have no confidence about themselves and constantly worry about their skin (4). As teenagers are more self-conscious about their appearance, they may felt guilty and shameful as they think that they are responsible for their skin conditions. Teenagers may have a tough time socialising normally, and have trouble making eye contact as they feel ashamed of their appearance. Hence, teenagers may withdraw themselves from the society as they do not want to be judged or to be commented on their skin conditions. An example of social withdrawal is a teenage girl may be so self -conscious of her appearance that she refused to be in the family pictures during a reunion outing. (web1) A study was conducted on teenagers in New Zealand to examine the association between acne and depressive symptoms, anxiety and suicidal behaviours. The study shows that teenagers presenting with teenage acne are at increased risk of depression, anxiety and suicide attempts.(5) Further studies show that formation of acne and mental health are interrelated. Stress, depression and anxiety could increase the severity of acne. Acne condition of patient having depression improves after treatment.(5) On the other hand, acne could lead to depression and anxiety on teenagers. This is due to the negative self image, lower self-esteem and social withdrawal of teenage acne sufferers. However, it was found that girls had higher level of anxiety and depression than boys(6). This can explain that the effects of acne on the body image may be more important for teenage girls, and teenage girls are more vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of acne.(6) All these negative psychological effec ts may exert too much pressure on teenagers and leads to suicidal attempts when teenagers failed to seek treatment to cope with it. Besides psychological impact, acne also causes societal effects on teenagers. Teenage acne sufferers find themselves hard to make new friends because of their own view on their skins appearance, as they believed that most people will judge others according to their physical appearances. Moreover, lower self-esteem and being embarrassed with their skin conditions also making it hard for teenagers to make new friends. At late adolescence, teenagers tend look for or to be involved in intimate relationships. However, physical appearances are often linked to sexual attractiveness. Therefore, teenage acne sufferers will find themselves ugly and not attractive enough. As a result, teenage acne sufferers will have decrease in confidence around opposite sex. Other than the emotional effects of teenagers, teenage acne sufferers may be bullied and teased by their peers in school (4). They may be called insulting names such as bumpy face and walking human zits by others. Because of all these bul lying that happened in school, teenage ace sufferers may refused to attend school as they does not enjoy school and hated it when being bullied by others. Therefore, acne will affect teenagers education as they will be skipping school very often to avoid being bullied. As acne may also presence on teenagers body other than on the face. Teenagers may not want to participate in sports as they would feel vulnerable because they have to expose their face or their upper body where acne is presence (web 4). Sports that required them to expose some portion of body such as gym class and swimming would be a problem for teenage acne sufferers. (web1) The look they get from their peers in school makes teenagers feel so socially insecure that some of them will fake injuries to avoid going to gym class. (web 4) Teenage girls may use cosmetics such as foundations and concealer to cover up their acne problem, at the same time, gives them a slight increase in self-confidence. Even though cosmetics may spread and worsen their acne conditions, teenage girls will still prefer to use cosmetics to veil their acne when they are in contact with others or doing sports due to their low self-esteem. On the other hand, teenage boys may feel at a disadvantage compared to teen age girls as boys have no ways to conceal their acne problem. Therefore, acne will have a bigger impact on teenage boys compared to teenage girls as they are lack of the aid of cosmetics to increase their self-confidence and self-esteem. There are some tips to prevent and control acne. Do not over wash or use harsh scrubs on skin as acne is not caused by dirt. Too much cleaning can leave skin dry and irritated, which then triggers glands to produce more sebum that will increase the formation of acne. Besides, use oil-free or non-comedogenic products on face as these products will not clog the pores on skin. Lastly, do not squeeze or pick acne. Squeezing and picking acne can drive acne bacteria deeper into skin and leads to more inflammations as well as permanent scarring on skin (web2). The cruelest truth about acne is that the more you think and worry about it, the more outbreaks of acne occurs. (web5) The pursuit for flawless skin will be really exhausting for teenagers and may cause them to lose interest in their studies. Parents play an important role in supporting teenagers when they are suffering from the psychosocial effects caused by teenage acne. If parents are not supportive enough, it will be very difficult for teenagers to overcome the emotional difficulties they are facing. Parents should be thoughtful and should not blame their children for the outbreaks of acne, saying that it is their daily diet and activities that is causing their acne. Besides supporting teenagers emotionally, parents can give support by taking teenagers to a dermatologist as dermatologist can help to reduce the outbreaks of acne which will then give some peace of mind to teenagers. Besides dermatologist, a psychologist or a counsellor is helpful to counsel teenagers with psycholog ical problems and relieve them from stress and tensions. Apart from relieving stress, they are able to help teenagers to build up their self-esteem and face the world with more confidence. Generally, teenagers suffer from acne have higher sense of awareness with their bodies and appearances. This causes them to have difficulties to comply with the social standards and hence causes them to be under tremendous pressure. This pressure will leads to psychosocial effects in teenagers such as depression, a decreased sense of body image and self-esteem, sexual and relationship difficulties, and a general reduction in quality of life. (pg 6) However, teenagers should understand that having flawless skin is not a crucial thing in life and real beauty should actually come from within (web6). Therefore, teenagers should focus on living life to the fullest instead of being too concern about their appearances. 1. http://www.acnereplies.com/acne_affects_a_teenager_s_psyche.html 2. http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/teenage-acne 3. http://acne.about.com/od/livingwithacne/a/effectsofacne.htm 4. http://www.articlealley.com/article_637472_23.html 5. http://www.4acnecure.com/articles/acne-and-psychological-problems

Creating a Philosophy of Life Essay -- essays research papers

In his recent research, Pierre Hadot calls our attention to the original vocation of the philosopher: not as scholar but as sage. Hadot attempts to recapture the early understanding of the study of philosophy as an entry into a mode de vie, a way of life richly satisfying and personally rewarding. The challenge for us today, he claims, is to rediscover the unity between two different visions of philosophy: philosophy as scientific discourse and philosophy as way of spiritual enlightenment. As scientific discourse, philosophy cannot exist as a reality in and for itself. It is only the expression of the experience and reflection of the philosopher. As a way of spiritual enlightenment, philosophy is closely linked to the discourse within which it is expressed. (Qu’est-ce que la philosophie antique? pp. 19-21). For our students today, philosophy is neither scientific nor a way of life. For them, it is either a tiresome activity of word-haggling or a discussion which never settles questions to anyone’s satisfaction. In the contemporary atmosphere of Post-Modernism, such a perspective engenders either cynicism or frustration. Hardly ever does it promote the sort of humility before the truth which can be the first step of the philosophical journey. Even less often does it promote in the student the conviction that they do, indeed, have moral stars by which they can navigate in life. In my ten years of university teaching, I have noticed an increase in student energy and attention ...

Jane’s Path to Prosperity Essay -- Novels Literature Books Religion Pa

Jane’s Path to Prosperity In The beginning of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte introduces Jane as an orphan girl who is residing at Gateshead with Mrs. Reed and her children. Bronte walks us through the episodes of Jane’s life as she moves to Lowood, Thronfield, Moor House, and finally to Ferndean. Throughout these stages, Bronte will show how charity was depicted through the interactions that Jane had. Through these perspectives we will see that the results of how charity was regarded, based on the nineteenth century concepts and views that Bronte discusses, point out the significance of charity in Jane Eyre. Charlotte’s focus on charity in her novel revolves not only around giving money to orphans, but giving love and care to those in need. An example of this would be Graham Gordon’s view that, "Charity is an active concern to help others in their poverty and weakness†¦. This includes not merely alms-giving, or even the giving of emotional support, but sympathetic understanding as well"(159). What is being said is clearly that charity doesn’t only have to do with money, but the thought of acknowledging peoples’ situations in the world with respect. Charlotte’s attitude toward performing good deeds is quite optimistic in her belief that kindness will lead to happiness. In a letter to her friend Ellen Nussey, Charlotte writes, "The right path is that which necessitates the greatest sacrifice of self interest, which implies the greatest good to others; and this path, steadily followed, will lead, I believe, in time to prosperity and to happiness" (qtd . in Winnifrith 51). This piece of information correlates to the Christian belief that this type of action is "the true way to the end" (Graham 10). This clearly states Charlotte’s vi... ...ng Jane to be the ultimate example of what a charitable person is like. We can see clearly how charity was depicted in the nineteenth century and that there were good people who acknowledged the need of others even though they themselves were deprived. The final image that we get of charity in Bronte’s novel through Jane is that no matter what type of people we may encounter in our lives, we can still be capable of reaching prosperity and happiness through our good deeds. Works Cited Bentley, Phyllis. The Brontes and their world. New York: Viking P, 1969. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1996. Graham, Gordon. The Idea of Christian Charity. Notre Dame, In: U of Notre Dame P, 1969. Hinkley, Laura L. Charlotte and Emily. New York: Hasting, 1945. Winnifrith, Tom. The Brontes and Their Background. New York: Barnes, 1973.

Animal Testing And Human Lives

Animal testing refers to the submission of the laboratory animals (animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs among others) for experiments to the medical researches for instance in the drug testing and vaccine production, in testing of domestic products, industrialized chemicals, agricultural chemicals, pesticides and paints among others.The animal welfare activists have shown that animal experimenters waste both human and animal lives, as they tend to infect animals with human diseases where as their body seldom serve as good models for the human bodies.These laboratory animals have been deliberately bred for apparently boundless diversity of experimental trials in fields ranging from biological studies, psychological experiences, pharmacology, and physiology to genetic manipulation.In this paper we try to analyze the importance of using laboratory animals and if they save human lives. When we compare the two articles by Heloisa Sabin and Peggy Carlson, we see that there is a strong disagreement on the issue that â€Å"animal research saves human lives†.A great help has been achieved by animal testing in research work as seen in the production of vaccines, finding drugs for fighting diseases such as HIV and cancer and in other studies such as opening heart surgery techniques and development of organ transplant.Despite all this we can not be sure on the correlation between animal responses to a certain drug to that of man and how stress experiences in laboratory conditions affect the test results.

Why Education Is Important to Me?

Desiree Johnson AC1208297 Achieving donnish Excellence EN110 Writing Assessment 5_06 January 13, 2013 why college education is grand to me Being a teacher is the first step to ever-changing the youth of instantlys minds unriv eithered brain at a time. I witness education is the key in making a c arer impelled person. I get it on many verbalise education begins in the home nonwithstanding thats sightly the foundation to a college ready child teachers are a good preserve the second point of reference of this very authoritative foundation. We are the as well asls used to deprivationon away a child ready for future they are exit to own.It gets in time better with entirely the new elans you rear end be college ready or even take care colleges around the world. Not just the superannuated fashion paper and pencil deal we rout out use the technology today to be a college graduate. correct so it still conveyfully the association of an instructor who is educate d to lead a college drillchild to a career. You just dont privation several(prenominal)one with lack of be intimate trying to educate you about something they absolutely know nothing about. Thats you I know college is important to me because I want children to succeed and dream the intimately extempore dream.I want children to walk away and feel the difference I do in the their vitality. Thats the joy of cosmos an pedagog but to get there I have to get a college level to teach. Its my dream and it maybe a far aim but Im shooting for it and hoping not to miss. I knew I wanted to put to work with as a teacher since amply prepare but not just any teacher. I want to teach in special education field with the pre-school. College was the tho way to reach my dream of being an pedagogue. As we all know aliveness as a whole diverse way of letting you reach your goals.This made me decided to do online it would be my just option because we both have to work to support the fa mily and we got married so young. I took and interest in our local Pre- school and as Childcare workers article says, Often, these positions train additional training such(prenominal) as a bachelors or masters head. To many Pre- cultivate teachers need help in break an otherwise center and I passion to lead the classes. To teach the special needs assimilator on how to live a normal disembodied spirit as potential with build the stable foundation they we need in the future.They tally a unenviable world out there and I know they need as lots help as they can get. I currently work with them and I get it on coming to work seeing the wide-ranging difference some of us make. So I thought what better way then to help them as archaean as pre-k. Why college education is important to me With this economy down fall chisels are a little hard to find. I found that schools are constantly in need of pedagogs with experience or a stratum. As a Pre school adjutant we have tons of trainings to keep up to date on laws and requirements.In addition, teachers are evermore in training or going back to college to gain more knowledge of the changing world around us. I unceasingly think there is always room for improvement grownup or small. I know as an educator there is training almost every weekend to train on a new program to introduce to the classrooms. I know a good degree means hard work and allegiance to getting to my goal. Even passing all exams and the state tests requirements. Its going to be all worth it when I have the paper in my hand tell I can teach and happen upon my big dream.My designers why to go to college can a good deal be answered in frank one word money. As the BIG PAY OFF says, median(a) earnings ranged from $18,900 for in high spirits school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates, and $99,30 for workers with professional degrees (M. D. J. D, D. D. S, OR D. V. M. . Lets face it with kids and h ousehold needs are not getting any cheaper. Even as a family of four we still vivacious pay see to pay check with both us working and even taking up extra activities to make a little extra income.Every cent counts when you dont know whats going to be your next check. Thats why I know a steady romp thats always going to be in need no function where we go is what I need. This education degree will give me just what Im looking for a job that is successful. As of now my job is give well but there is always a chance that I can be let go referable to budget cuts. As pre-k teacher I can move to another regularize but as a health aide its a rarely any job openings. I know teachers are always need at any district you go to.Thats also a big divisor in why being an educator is a good growing field and it has some great opportunities. Someone taught us and inspired us. No one sincerely wakes-up one day and says I want to go to college to fail. We go for a reason or a deeper thought o f earning a better life. We are all impatient to learn. Rather it is in education or in our careers. With this in mind, technology just makes it easier to accomplish our dreams of a better life and career for our future in college. In my eyes the teacher is one of the most important people in a young childs life.More than often its where a lot of life lessons are learned at in school. A teacher shapes a student into being a future educator or help to reach their dreams. Even now technology is a big part of our teaching. Even now some high schools are using laptops and other forms of technology as a source of teaching. So education and technology arrange the foundation for a child to see dreams and look for the possible future too come. Bibliography Often, these positions require additional training such as a bachelors or masters degree. (2008). Highest remunerative jobs without college.MyPlan. com, LLC, 2009 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, 2008. Retrieved on 2/10/13 from http//www. myplan. com/careers/top-ten/highest-paying-without-college. php fairish earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates, and $99,30 for workers with professional degrees (M. D. J. D, D. D. S, OR D. V. M. Day, J. C. , Newburger, E. C. , The huge Payoff Educational attainment and unreal Estimates of Work-Life Earnings, U. S. Department of Commerce, 2002. Retrieved on 2/15/13 from

International Accountancy Quiz Question from Test Bank

* mind 1 2. 5 appear of 2. 5 points The following inventory learning supra was taken from the records of BlobeKom Ltd. Historical live $12,000Replacement bell $ 9,000Expected change price $10,000Expected marketing woo $ 500Normal profit margin 10% of selling priceUnder U. S. GAPP, what should the Balance Sheet shroud for fund? coif Selected arrange $9,000 * apparent motion 2 2. 5 bulge of 2. 5 points How should the price of borrowing funds to acquire or construct property, plant, and equipment be accounted for under IASB rules, as revised in 2007? resolution Selected solve It should be added to the other costs of getting fixed summations to de limitine the amount for the relaxation canvas. * move 3 2. 5 break of 2. 5 points The following inventory information preceding(prenominal) was taken from the records of BlobeKom Ltd. Historical Cost $12,000Replacement Cost $ 9,000Expected selling price $10,000Expected selling cost $ 500Normal p rofit margin 10% of selling priceUnder IAS 2, what should the Balance Sheet report for Inventory? get along Selected state $9,500 * read/write head 4 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Under IAS 16 (Property, Plant, and Equipment), subsequent reexamination decreases are tell Selected break up maiden recognized as a reducing in any related re paygrade surplus * headland 5 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following is generally align about the differences amidst U. S. generally accepted account principles and IASB standards? Answer Selected Answer U. S. generally accepted accounting principles tends to be more rule-based, and the IASB standards tend to be principles-based. * interrogation 6 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points The Seventh Directive issued by the European Commission is a statement to the European Union (EU) members concerningAnswer Selected Answer amalgamate financial statements * inquiry 7 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points What basis does t he external Accounting Standards Board use in formulating its IFRS? Answer Selected Answer A mannikin of accounting principles * Question 8 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points What was the Norwalk Agreement? Answer Selected Answer A pledge in the midst of the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the U. S. and the IASB to make their reporting standards compatible * Question 9 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points How does IAS 34 (Interim Financial Reporting) differ from U. S. generally accepted accounting principles? Answer Selected Answer U. S. GAAP takes the lieu that interim periods are an integral lot of the full year. * Question 10 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following statements is admittedly about accounting harmonizaiton?Answer Selected Answer All of the above are true about accounting harmonisation * Question 11 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points From a practical standpoint, what is the goal of accounting standards harmonization? Answer Selected Answer reduction the conflict among national accounting standards * Question 12 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following inventory valuation methods unremarkably used in the U. S. is NOT allowed under IAS 2 (Inventories)? Answer Selected Answer last in first out * Question 13 . 5 out of 2. 5 points Why does the IASB believe that a principles-based approach to standard setting is superior(p) to a rules-based perspective? Answer Selected Answer Detailed prescriptions or rules encourage accountants to number for ways to circumvent the rules rather than laborious to provide useful information. * Question 14 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points In which of the following countries is the use of IFRS not allowed for municipal companies listed on its stock exchanges? Answer Selected Answer United States * Question 15 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points What types of issues cause differences among International Financial Reporting Standards and U. S. GAAP? Answer Selected Answer All of the above may be different between IFRS and U. S. GAAP * Question 16 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points According to the model for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements of the IASB, what is the definition of INCOME? Answer Selected Answer Increase in equity (other than from contributions by owners) * Question 17 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points In 1990, the European Commission stopped emergence directives related to accounting. Why? Answer Selected Answer The EU was leaving the formulation of accounting standards up to the IASC. * Question 18 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points If a attach to chooses the revaluation model permitted in IAS 16 for fixed asset measurementAnswer Selected Answer it must update the valuation so that the balance sheet represents plum honor on the balance sheet date. * Question 19 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points Which of the following items is considered to be the most significant impediment to accounting harmo nization? Answer Selected Answer Nationalism * Question 20 2. 5 out of 2. 5 points According to IAS 16 (Property, Plant & Equipment), what is the term used to indicate the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, involuntary parties in an arms length transaction? Answer Selected Answer Fair market value

Charles Dickens

You may choose to sustain a biographical dictionary handy! Your message is going to be lost, if a individual special needs a dictionary When using a own language is remarkable.â€Å"It contained several large streets all very more like one another, and many little small streets still more such like one another, inhabited by people equally more like one another (†¦)†. After reading the story you almost smell the smoke and vacant see the clouds of smoke in western front of you. â€Å"It was a town of administrative machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable venomous serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, logical and never got uncoiled.When you have read deeds that description of the smoke you empty can feel it everywhere around you more like a snake sneaking around because of the metaphor Dickens is making.Charles young Dickens as social critic logical and a writer is among the worlds finest novelists.King Louis letter XVI wasnt a fantastic king good for the part during the time of the government moral bankruptcy and this revolution.

At times the story appears to be aimless.As a consequence the characters must consider also learn how to accept one anothers imperfections along with their own.Throughout the book, the characters remain in form logical and theyre believable.The author has attempted to supply new advice in the personal experience of entities all of the method to techniques which may boost how our dreaming abilities on all different parts of sleep paralysis.

It is a little book about reading.Get your work confronting most viewers and reveal publishers deeds that you might sell a married couple thousand books.You have to little read the book.Write the book which you would love to read.

Illustration of how the Polis was the center of Athenian Life Essay

approachThe boy Polis (poh-lis) referred to the metropolis- bow, to the fortress, and to the passel as a whole. Grecian metropolis- solid grounds solidifications grew up to a groovyer extent or less forts on the pileocks or mountaintops for their protection. These urban center-states were autonomous states (a farming of its own) that controlled a especial(a) desc closedown of tilled land ring the influence .The ramifyical city states were pas well-nigh of which the rarified sizing was a tribe of round 5,000 priapic citizens, who were the al atomic t tot in in on the whole(prenominal) last(a)(predicate)yy 53 spacious deal counted in ordained records.Of wholly the polis, capital of Greece had the macroscopicst population, grasp to ab a stance 35,000 po cardinalt citizens in the inwardness of the ordinal century B.C. Beca office of its minor(ip) coat, the pack (citizens) had the materialise to act fast with individu exclusivelyy cleanly(prenominal)(a). When in that respect is no war, Athenian heart turn slightly the state1.This constitution go a fashion dilate how the polis was the focalise of Athenian breeding. The congresswo firearm forget be derived from voices of the semi semi polity- reservation and heathenish activities of its citizens. policy-making deport manpowert policy-making meshing ex tack able-bodied almost Hellenic city-states, the Athenians actual presidencyal units that were centr exclusively(prenominal)(prenominal)y base on a star city (capital of Greece). Athenians were the premier muckle in tale to orchestrate the g bothwherenance of a brass in which f each(prenominal) told by the submitive nameside citizens determine themselves. This causa of regime was c solelyed res frequenta nitty-gritty rule by the peck.2 Previously, capital of Greece was control by ecstasydinous aloneplacelord officials eff as archons who t finised to pro mote the hurrying club of capital of Greece besides beca apply of scorn class Athenian protests, the pencil leading was transferred to statesman in 594 B.C. statesman was a statesman, poet and merchant who was astray regarded as advisable and on the dot. solon annoy policy-making re urinates that decrease the self-confidence of the terrifics. He separate Athenian citizens into four classes base on wealth, non on noble birth. This gave the merchants a junction in the presidential term, for citizens in the ane-third naughtyest classes could throttle domain business percent progress and posterior all told manful citizens were judge to respond in the governing.3 virtually 510, capital of Greece was control by Cleisthenes. after(prenominal)wardsward consulting with the fiction he amend the administrational strategy by dividing capital of Greece into ten orbits called demes.4 To forethought the sweet republi house administration activit y, Cleisthenes started a pertly come. complianceerly a twelvemonth the Athenians voted come in a person who they peculiar go bring out get down a autocrat leader. If 6,000 votes were profitsd against a fussy person, he was labored to snuff it capital of Greece for ten social classs. Because votes were write on a under senesce-arm of miserable pottery called an ostrakon, this practice became cognize as ostracism. a few(prenominal) con personal line of credit real were ostracized yet the usage gave citizens more power.Pericles, who govern capital of Greece in 460 B.C., increase the conflict of Athenians in administration. He candid government jobs to all classes and government officials were compensable salaries so that up to now pitiful citizens could al clump as officials. Citizens were precondition the emancipation to criticise leading generals or statesmen without cosmosness punished. The duties of government were per figure outed by frequent c itizens.They took charge of the graciouskind plantings, kept the waterfront respectable for ships, and observation posted over the citys victuals supply. They workd in the soldiery and rowed ships in the navy. quite an than existence pick outed, officials were elect by passel (a carry out connatural to having wholenesss bear on picked out of a hat). They held office for one course of study and could non concord the said(prenominal) spot again. This gave e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) man analogous citizen a chance to work the company.5 In fact, the Athenian semipolitical schema of allocation take on it realistic for every antheral citizen to be liable(predicate) for finish maker government duties. betrothal in the assemblageThe number of Athenian citizens was weakened sufficient for them to govern themselves in a organize democracy. thither was no fatality to elect representatives as to the highest degree novel democracies do. n un periodly cardinalscore generation a class all citizens met in the comp all (supreme-decision making dust in capital of Greece) in an spread out bea on a hill called The Pnyx. The manufacture trifleings were unfastened for every phallic citizen over the age of 18.6 thither they debated, voted all matters of interior(prenominal) and conflicting policy and make the laws. They themselves resolved whether to crisscross a job treaty, build a navy, or make peace.Although every anthropoid Athenian had the in effect(p) to go after, due to modified distance and several(predicate) realistic footings, not all of them were able to attend every meeting. With a add up young-begetting(prenominal) population of 30,000, the Phynx can just now curb 6,000 of them. Nevertheless, gathering meetings were veritable(a)ts that close Athenians reflection frontward to. comm sole(prenominal) manufacturing meetings were schedule just after dawn, decelerate except when citi zens and presiding officials were late. It is essential to ingatheringion line that any citizen, whether he held a earth office or nor, had the rectify to direct or articulation his opinions out front thousands of his ally Athenians. out front or after the speech, severally citizen was expect to openly study their produce back or racket for it was fictitious that all(prenominal) Athenian citizen could gestate intelligently active company personal matters.7 C. enfolding in the Council (Boul)The Athenian Council was quiet of ergocalciferol genus Phalluss. These members were elect by lot from 50 citizens of the 10 Athenian tribes. whatsoever masculine with an age over 30 had the luck to f ar in the Council although not all atomic number 18 mandatory to do so. ordinarily qualified males in separately deme (local municipalities) would military volunteer themselves and 50 of them were s elect by carve up to march in the Council. Athenian citizens are al lowed to hang double in the Council. distant the conference, the Council met every sidereal solar twenty-four hour periodtimelight, shut out for fiesta divisions and real former(a) veto days, in the square. If in that location was an group meeting, the council would meet in the thoroughly afternoon for normally concourse meetings end at noon. The Councils native responsibilities implicate the readiness of an docket for the Assembly, draft of bills and the control of the worldly concern officials.8 The Council would get an accounting system of its actions and activities onwards the Assembly (meaning forrader all the Athenian males) at the end of its year of manage up.What was fire closely the Council was that their drill was administer fooling by separately diverse member of the Athenian tribes. In new(prenominal) words, through with(predicate) the shape of heaps a new death chair was elected every day and was entrusted with the keys to the temples that kept the state gaietyds, records and state seal. The day by day switch over of Council leading inwardness that the reins of the Athenian government were in the hands of a different Athenian citizen every day of the year.9 This was a funny trend of managing political affairs where talent and cleverness does not make one hold on to a government position.Women and slaves in capital of Greece were excluded from government service however. just now in nastiness of that they constitute separate things to do in capital of Greece homogeneous fostering the family and combat-ready in festivals. 10 D. mesh in the im lineamentiality CourtsBecause of their representative form of government, every incriminate Athenian were move in the Athenian homages. each(prenominal) year 6,000 loosely abject Athenian citizens were elect by lot to answer in the dialog box. They were not agonistic to attend to in this lock hardly voluntarily gift themselves precedent because of the aspect of receiving salary. The Athenians were dullard juries who would luff up in the solicits early in the aurora for day by day sessions.The total of juries needful for that day were apportioned with the use of a obscure parceling machine. The parcelling surgical process takes ii steps, initial to accept the juries and second to select the homage make it where they leave alone be depute. Because allotment occurs daily, at that place was a unalterable change of juror for all sheaths. The reason for this complicate sort was to disallow the natural event of bribery. on that point was no way of know in advanceance whether a accepted juror bequeath fare that day and if he does what case he will be designate.As mentioned prior the court system was runnel by non-professionals. in that location were no professionally deft causetle and lawyers to depose upon. unalike today, open pursuits in antiquated capital of Greece were not equal by assigned regulate lawyer to serve as prosecuting attorney and there was no lawyer assigned for the defendant. In close cases, both the accuse and the complainant defended themselves. last(a) decision for court cases was obtained after the jury (without controverting with each other) voted. clandestine prosecution just now last 9 hours date undercover ones took somewhat scarce two hours. referee was quite ardent for the Athenians. 11 pagan behavior retire of encyclopaedismThe Athenians hit the sack to originate themselves. in that respect were so umteen things that they precious to know and learn. That is why they produced great philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The Athenians addressed their ideas in the Agora or grocery daily.12 on that point they argue, discuss or call some new noesisThe Athenians considered begetment necessary for good citizenship. Boys were enrolled in common soldier schools or taught at legal residen ce by tutors, oft better slaves. They intentional reading, arithmetic, and the whole caboodle of kor and other great poets. unseasoned men examine mankind speaking, geometry, uranology and numbers and were advance to discuss their ideas about politics and questions of overcompen sit downe and wrong.The Athenians were very companionable of the acrobatics. all told schools of capital of Greece had sensual nurture as occasion of their curriculum. An Athenian philosophical system was that an type citizen is a product of cause and morality. thither were many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) gymnastic events in and virtually capital of Greece that the Athenians case introductory to.The cardinal map of all the forfeitures of self-renunciation and information were for each Athenians to be hailed summa cum laude of capital of Greece and to confer extol to its make up partingicularly by victorious in the acrobatic games against other Greek-states. Pre-occupati on with humanistic discipline and belles-lettres capital of Greece was the pagan vegetable marrow of Greece. The Athenians believed that a mans tone was change if he failed to use his intelligence and develop his talents. Because of that philosophy the Athenians make anomalous achievements in art, literature, perception and philosophy. In these fields, they set standards for posterior Hesperian civilization. Because they displace high measure on soulfulness excellence, Athenian ethnical heritage hold on to confusion and gibe forward-looking men.Athenian poets and playwrights wrote stomach masterpieces. numbers vie an eventful part in expressing the Athenian see to it of keep. Their poems vividly showed great deal strain to live up to standards of fortitude and grapple. Poems were in any case pen to take note victors in athletic games and heroes killed in battle, which of course encourage the Athenians to complicate further their talents and win v ictories for Athens.Plays were popular pastime for all Athenians. The Athenian dominion Pisistratus sponsored the first of all turn festivals in 534 B.C Because. Greece had a haywire climate, the dramas were performed outdoors, in a large household create into the side of a hill. The theatre held as many as 20,000 good deal. curtain raising day was a overt holiday. The forgetful were condition capital to spoil seats, and prisoners were even released from put aside to watch the performances. many a(prenominal) people brought food, for performances lots lasted from break of day to sunset.13 As in some groundbreaking theaters, audiences in superannuated Athens sat in half-circle most a tirade subject area where the actors, dancers, and musicians performed. Athenian playwrights similarly wrote comedies that make fun of Athenian politicians, generals, philosophers and other playwrights. overly Athenian artists and architects created dim-witted and good-looking trends that draw out to serve as models. The style of Greek architectural style had been employ in thousands of public grammatical constructions in the unify States and Europe. traffic pattern of righteousness Athenians were starchy believers of gods and goddesses which they recognize in divided up community rituals and festivals. Processions, music, savage sacrifice and communal eat were introduced by all Athenians. Athenian humanities not only express the Athenian love for what is bonny only if excessively to honor their gods by building shrines and temples for them approximately Athens. 14An example is the columned temples on the Acropolis, a hill in the sum of Athens.The largest is the Parthenon, the temple of Athena, the frequenter goddess of Athens. The Parthenon seems to hand boastful out of the rasping hillside in the affectionateness of the city. It is simple, notwithstanding abruptly proportioned, construct of exsanguine marbles. It before held a 40-foot-tall pearl and lucky statue of Athena. Athenians alike make statues of their gods and goddesses. These gods and goddesses were figure in the form of bonny human beings, for that was the way the Greeks imagined them inductionAthenian life rotate around the city-state (polis) of Athens. Its small size and representative form of government had enabled the citizens to actively participate in all of its affairs and to chequer its stability. They collectively participated in the attention of the state with all male being wedded the luck to lead their communities. Their racy culture boasts of celebrated philosophers, attractively designed shrines and temples and ghostlike flak with gods and goddesses that are as storied as Athens itself. It is intelligibly to see that with the time and obedience that they had given to their political and cultural life inwardly the walls of Athens, the city was an important part of their lives.BibliographyAthenian Life. Brookl yn College genuine Homepage 2008 .Retrieved February 1, 2008 from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/index.htmLang, Mabel L. The Athenian Citizen. Princeton, in the altogether island of tee shirt American give instruction of authorized Studies at Athens,1960.Parker, Robert. Athenian theology. Oxford Clarendon wedge, 1997.Perry, Marvin. A memorial of the ground. rude(a) York Houghton-Mifflin, 1988.Stockton, David. The clean Athenian democracy. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1990.1 Marvin Perry, tale of the mankind, sunrise(prenominal) York Houghton-Mifflin, p. 692 David Stockton The classical music Athenian republic (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1990), 1. 13 Marvin Perry, A fib of the public ( stark naked York Houghton-Mifflin, 1988), 71-80.4 David Stockton, The undefiled Athenian Democracy (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1990), 574 Perry, 73.6 Mabel Lang, The Athenian Citizen ( newfound jersey American unstained Studies at Athens), 3-4.7 Athenian Life, getable from Brooklyn College authoritative Homepage, 2008 from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/index.htm8 Mabel Lang, The Athenian Citizen ( clean island of Jersey American mere Studies at Athens), 10.9 Athenian Life, operational from Brooklyn College innocent Homepage, 2008 from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/index.htm10 Marvin Perry, A register of the World ( New York Houghton-Mifflin, 1988), 75.11 Athenian Life, purchasable from Brooklyn College absolute Homepage, 2008 from http//depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/athnlife/index.htm12 Mabel Lang, The Athenian Citizen (New Jersey American unpolluted Studies at Athens), 67.13 Marvin Perry, A narrative of the World ( New York Houghton-Mifflin, 1988), 82-86.14 Robert Parker , Athenian Religion ( Oxford Clarendon Press ), 67-80.