Human Genome Project: Legal, Ethical and Social Implications

compassionate Genome Project Legal, Ethical and loving ImplicationsIn this dissertation we get word the world genome project in its wider context. We walk out a brief overview of the aims, the working and the sequencing techniques apply together with the timeline compassd.The office to successiveness ingredients has minded(p) a greater visualizeing of the man genome. This understanding has thr feature up a great m whatso of all time levelheaded, affable medical and ethical problems and dilemmas which clear invite tube both(prenominal) addressed and solved. This dissertation looks at m either of the slues, analyses them, and considers some of the practicable solutions.We primarily consider the situation in the UK, all when comparisons argon drawn with the arguably much litigious society in the USA, pointly in regard of the legal implications of the subject.We bushel a consideration of the ethical position of assimilatekers, medical professionals and as wel l individuals whether they ar considered as search subjects or simply as private citizens.We draw conclusions from our findings and fork up them. cosmosThe valet Genome Project (HGP) was a sizeable and ambitious concept which was conceived in the 1980s and form bothy started in 1990, the main stated aim of which was to achieve the functionping of the whole forgivingkind genome. It was originally anticipated that the functioning would take approximately 15 years and was whence scheduled to be staring(a) in2005/6 save the advances in technological hard and softw ar improve sequencing baron to the extent that the entire undertaking was rattling completed in 2003.The project itself involved over 1,000 read/write head scientists in over 200Universities, regime laboratories and private facilities.The stated and defined primary cultures of the project were toidentify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 factors in gracious desoxyribonucleic acid,determine the propagat ion of the 3 billion chemic chemical group pits that make up human DNA,store this teaching in data fundaments,improve tools for data analysis,transfer tie in technologies to the private sector, andaddress the ethical, legal, and hearty issues that whitethorn arise from the project.(after Collins FS et al 1998),Although the project was primarily well-nigh the sequencing of the human genome, part of the intrinsic preparatory work was carried out in the sequencing techniques of other(a)(a)wise organisms much(prenominal) as E Coli and drosophila(the fruit fly)Brief comment of the genomeThe genome of an organism is a term which relates to the sum fit of the DNA of the organism. This is replicated in virtually e very cell in the organism and it should be say that it includes non only the nuclear DNA further the extra-nuclear DNA as well. It is the basic write in code for making all of the constituent proteins and thereby it is the last determinant of the various moti no np beils that evanesce within the organism. The human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs (abbreviated as A T G C).These argon arranged in sequential style in the DNA take over helix and are unique to an individual. on that point are large playing areas of repetition and large areas which appear to be biologically silent but we shall discourse this in rather greater detail later in this dissertation. (Nichols, E.K. 1998)Sequencing techniques customdThe eventual sequence derived in the human genome project does not array each(prenominal) unrivalled individuals genome. The original samples were taken from multiple sperm and product line (from pistillates) donations which were mixed and sent to labs across the realism. The differences were comparatively insignifi abidet as the vast major(ip)ity (99.7+%) of the genomic sequence is identical in all individual.(Collins et al 2001) sperm cell is used, as the DNA protein ratio is higher in sperm than for other ce lls and is therefore easier to prepare. It should be noted that sperm contains both the male and female sex chromosomes (X Y) so equal issuances of each were added to the samples and the blood DNA was added to ensure that female derived DNA was also present.The original sequencing techniques (in the 1990s) were primarily those of jelly electrophoresis, which is slow, labour intensive and expensive. It was reported that the entire human genome project team managed to sequence 200Mb of gene in 1998. Advances in technology and automotive process allowed matchless participant (DOE Joint genome institute) to sequence 1.5 billion bases in one month in January 2003. (Soga, Kakazuet al 2004)It was the see to ity and large-scale implementation of the capillary gel electrophoresis technique that was mainly responsible for these advances. one and only(a) of the major gains of the capillary tube method is that the comparatively larger surface area of the capillary tube allows for greate r heat dissipation which was the rate close step for the older models as too much heat would endure the gel carrier. (Tsai et al.2004)The actual mechanism for sequencing is extremely complex but in essence each chromosome, which comprises between 50 and 250 zillion base pairs, is staccato into more manageable size pieces. (the sub cloning step).Each piece is whence rophy up as a template from which a set of depresseder severs are generated, each one is a base pair shorter than the parent (the template preparation and sequencing reaction steps). (Marsha et al 2004)The resulting separates are uninvolved by electrophoresis which is an ideal method because of their differing size (separation step). The end base of each fragment is thus identified (base-calling step). Automated sequencers hence loafer analyse the resulting patterns which volition commit representation of the base order which is then reassembled into blocks of near 500 bases each (for ease of handling the data) . Number of very sophisticated computer programmes then analyse the raw data for electric strength errors and can identify particularized genes and silent areas (Krill P et al 2000) once sequenced, the final details are placed in the public cranial orbit such as Embank for open access to all.We stir make several credits to the draft and final sequences. The explanation of the difference lies in the point that there are both intrinsic errors in the processing and also in the vari skill of the transmitted material used. The original draft sequence was published in June 2000. This was the result of each area universe analysed at least 4-5times to minimise the errors. This original data was presented inspections of near 10,000 base pairs and the chromosomal locations of the genes were k instantern at this stage.A higher quality final reference sequence was published in April 2003which represented a 8-9 fold sequencing of every chromosome to fill in gaps and to minimise e rrors which were quoted as being no more than one in 10,000 bases (Kaiser et al 2004) kind genome project timeline1990 Official spring of HGP workApr. 1998 HGP passes sequencing midpointMarch 1999 Target completion date for compassionate genome running(a) Draft accelerated to early 2000celestial latitude 1999 Human Chromosome 22 sequenced (first human chromosome ever sequenced)May 2000 Human Chromosome 21 sequencedMarch 2000 Drosophila genome completedApril 2000 Draft sequences of Human Chromosome 5, 16 19 completedJune 2000 Working draft of DNA sequence achievedDec 2001 Human Chromosome 20 sequencedDec 2002 Complete Mouse genome draft publicationJan 2003 Human Chromosome 14 sequencedJune 2003 Human Chromosome Y sequencedJuly 2003 Human Chromosome 7 sequencedOct 2003 Human Chromosome 6 sequencedMarch 2004 Human Chromosome 13 19 sequencedMay 2004 Human Chromosome 9 10 sequenced common people 2004 Human Chromosome 5 sequencedOct 2004 Human gene count estimates changed from 20,00 0 to 25,000Dec 2004 Human Chromosome 16 sequencedMarch 2004 Human Chromosome X sequencedApril 2005 Human Chromosome 2 4 sequencedLegal issues visibleingThe whole issue of patenting the genome and the offshoots of the project caused an wondrous furore in medical, scientific and pharmaceutical circles. The opposing ends of the spectrum argued that, on the one hand, the benefits of such a cardinally important piece of work should be freely accessible for the human race in ecumenic and the scientific community in particular, to the other who believed that the money to be made by the commercial ontogeny of the genome could be used to finance other related projects. (Nuffield 2002)The culmination of the transmission line was that the genome was fragmented and patent piecemeal. In order to richly understand the implications of this we essential explore the workings of the patent system. In the UK, patents are issued by the visible Office. Applications essential be original with in 18 months of the discovery (it is 3 years in the USA). Once granted, they remain in force for 20 years from the date of issue. In order to be considered suitable for a patent to be issued a product must primarily run into four criteria, namelyUseful the patent operation must be accompanied by some practical activity of the hammerion (whether it has actually been applied or has been proposed in a purely theoretical sense) fable it must be a new, or previously un cognise entity.Non-obvious it must be a significant modification that is not simply a minor adjustment made by someone with appropriate cleverness and training in that particular areaDetailed the item must be described in sufficient detail to allow soul who has appropriate training in the field to use it for the purpose for which it was designed. This is much referred to as the enablement criterion( after Cochran and Cox. 1997)The academic argument referred to earlier was intensify by the companionship that ra w products of nature are not generally patentable. Special provision had to be made by the agencies on both sides of the Atlantic to allow for patents to be issued for hereditary material.The general guiding principal in issue patents is that they are issued on a first to invent basis.Where a specific application is not straightawayly obvious (as is the exemplar with many pharmaceutical and bio-tech products), provisional patents can be applied for and implement for up to one year after either discovery or publication of the findings. This is a mechanism to allow for the full implications of the finding to be worked out and patent.(Nickols F 2004)In specific reference to our considerations here, we should note that with bio-tech discoveries in general and DNA patents in particular, coincident with the application for a patent, the applicant is required to deposit a sample of their discovery in any one of 26 designated biological culture repositories which are distributed through out the world. (Bjorn tincture DJ, et al. 2002)It is a reflection of both the scale and importance of this work to esteem that to date, there stick out been over 3 million separate genome-related applications for patents received on file throughout the world.The legal ramifications of this process are huge. In the UK, USA and Japan (where the bulk of the applications for genome-related patents are filed) the system requires that the details of the applications are kept completely confidential until the full patent is finally issued. As we defecate discussed, this process can take up to a year. (Brown,2000)The corollary of this accompaniment is that those scientists and companies who utilise the data ( which is available on the Internet) to evaluate clinical or pharmaceutical applications of gene sequences risk the issuing of a future prohibition if it transpires that those particular sequences dedicate been the subject of a previous patent application which has subsequently turned out to be successful. (Morris AH 2002)The 3 million genome related patents include the genes themselves, gene fragments, tests for specific genes, various proteins and stem cells.To satisfy the Patent Office the four tests set out above are specifically modified to accommodate genetic material thus(1) identify original genetic sequences,(2) specify the sequences product,(3) specify how the product functions in nature i.e., its use(4) enable one skilled in the field to use the sequence for its stated purpose(after Caulfield 2003)Even this is not completely sufficient for the accredited needs of science. If we take the example of gene fragments. Their function is often not known although their structure almost invariably is. The practical applications can be extremely vague. A quoted utility of a gene fragment has been cited as providing a scientific probe to help find another gene. Clearly it could cause substantial practical difficulties if a patent were to be issued on suc h a basis, and the subsequent usage was found to be substantially different, it would not invalidate the patent.The significance of this can be fully appreciated if we consider that the typical gene fragment, comprising about 500 bases (known as expressed sequence tags or ESTs) actually represent typically about20-30% of the supple chromosomal genetic material, the full chromosome may be about 40-60 times larger than this. The active chromosomal genetic material is often referred to as canal and typically only contains its learning-rich (or exon) regions. The scientific importance of these gene segments are that they represent very useful tools for seek as they can ingeminate the actions of genes, can be synthesised in the laboratory, and remove the need for scientists to manipulate the entire gene. (HUGO 2000)It can therefore be clearly be appreciated that such gene fragments are very useful tools in genetic research and the granting of patents touch entities has sparked off a nother major controversy in the scientific community. There open been major representations to the various Patent Offices throughout the world not to grant such patents to these universally important entities to applicants who have neither determined the base sequence of the genes nor insofar determined their function and possible uses.As a result of this, the UK and USA Patent Offices decided to issue more stringent guidelines ( hard-hitting as from 2001) which required that an application for patent of a gene fragment must now specifically state how the fragment functions before a patent can be issued. The wording is specific and substantial utility that is credible, but is still considered by many to be too indeterminate. (Thompson 1992)The basis behind the objections stem from the two main arguments already put forward. Firstly the patenting of such a bottleneck or doorkeeper product can seriously hinder the eventual exploitation or even the characterisation of more complex molecules. Secondly, scientists are obviously awake of utilising such entities because of the possible financial constraints and penalties that would be imposed if the particular entity that they were development subsequently was found to bathe subject of a provisional (and therefore signly secret) patent application. In essence the patent of the gene fragment could be taken out after a comparatively small amount of scientific work and exert totally disproportionate hold back over the possible commercial and scientific development of more ripe(p) genome research. (Schwarz D teal 1997),There are also less obvious, but very practical, implications to this type of patenting. Let us consider the situation where patents have been separately applied for, and granted to gene fragments, the gene and various proteins that the gene expresses. Any scientist wishing to-do research in that area has not only to pay the various license holders for permission to use their patented entity, but there are also hidden costs in the research necessary to determine where (and whether)the patents have been granted. (Short ell SM et al 1998), non all research has been hampered or driven by the restrictive practices that the issuing of patents inevitably promotes. Let us consider the case of the Welcome pedestal who, in collaboration with ten other smaller pharmaceutical concerns, concur to form a non- remunerationmaking consortium whose stated goal was to find and map out an initial300,000 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).To date they have ascertained nearly 2 million. In a truly philanthropic apparent motion they generated a publicly available SNP map of the human genome in which they patented every SNP found solely for the purpose of preventing others from making financial profit from them and making the information available to the public domain.The SNP is a single revolution in the base sequence in the genome and they are found, on average, about one in ever y 500 base units. It can occur in an active or in a non-coding region. The resultant depart clearly vary depending upon the actual site of the summercater but they are believed to be a fundamental cause of genetic variation which could give researchers important clues into the genetic basis of ailment process or variations in responsiveness to pharmaceuticals. (Russell SJ1997)In addition it is believed that SNPs are responsible for variations in the itinerary that humans suffice to a multitude of potential pathogens and toxins. The SNP is therefore an priceless tool in the research behind multifactorial malady process where complex environmental and genetic interactions are responsible for the overall phenotypical expression of the clinical disease state. (Santis,G et al 1994).We have referred in spillage to the arguments that are currently raging relating to the issues on patenting genetic material. We should therefore consider the question of why patent at all? Would we be mend off if the patent offices did not accept patents of genetic material?On first examination of the situation one might think that scientific investigation, in general hurt, might proceed faster if all scientists had innumerable and free access to all information in the public domain. much careful consideration suggests however, the laws relating to intellectual property are built on the assumption that unless ownership and commercial profits can be more or less secure (by means such as patents) few organisations would be impulsive to make the substantial investment that is typically necessary for development and research.The view behind the mechanism of patenting intellectual property is therefore the marrying together of the need to secure a potential income from ones work with the king to allow the transparency of full publication of ones discoveries which entrust therefore allow others to consider and utilise the information in their own research. (Berwick. 1996)Con sideration of this point leave alone suggest that the only other legal means of safeguarding the costs of ones research would be total secrecy which clearly would not be in the general following of the scientific community. If we add to the general thrust of this argument, the fact that, in general terms, the costs of development(post-invention) far outweigh the costs of research (pre-invention) we can see the economic sense in allowing innovative research-based firms the financial security of development by preserving the profit incentives by means of the Patent. (DGP 2002)In general terms we could view the patent mechanism as a positive development.(McGregor D 1965). Perhaps it is the breadth and subprogram of the patents allowed in the field of genomic research that is the flower cause of unease in the scientific community.Special casesThe arguments presented above can be broadened further if one of the natural extensions of the human genome project is the research into the possibility of cloning. We go forth not consider the (currently totally illegal) possibility of human cloning per se, but the therapeutic embryo cloning for the purposes of harvesting human stem cells. Such cells have immense potential for the study and therapy of a great number of disease process. As such they have enormous value as both intellectual and commercial property.The background to our tidings here includes consideration of the fact that courts in both the UK and the USA (Diamond v. Chakrabarty1980) have set precedents that single celled organisms (genetically modified bacteria) were intrinsically patentable. Legal argument then followed and shortly after there were similar rulings in favour of the patentability of simian stem cells.It logically follows that human stem cells should be afforded the same legal protection. The problem arises then that such a move would offend other legal principles such as technical ownership of another human being.(PGA 2001) Clearly there are enormous, and some would say insurmountable, difficulties in this region. We present this point simply to illustrate the potential difficulties surrounding ownership of the human genome.Broader legal issuesMatters relating to the legal implications arising from the human genome project already fill limitless volumes and we do not propose to make an exhaustive examination of the subject. There are however, number of major issues that arise either directly or indirectly from this project. They are largely interlinked with major mixer and ethical considerations and society, as a whole, has looked to the law to stand authoritative answers to some of them. (Stripling R et al.1992)One of the major problems associated with the potential ability to decipher the human genome is what to do with the information that it gives us. The ability to read genes brings with it the ability to discriminate with increasing degrees of subtlety. Discrimination is inevitably linked (historically, at least) with varying degrees of injustice.Whether it is the more obvious forms of discrimination such as insurance loading on the basis of predisposition to disease traits or more insidious and pernicious scenarios such as the ability to discriminate by genetic association with various ethnic groups, the ability is there. Will it become acceptable to refuse a mortgage application on the grounds that a person has been found to have a genetic disposition towards gastric cancer? Could health insurance bounteousnesss be based on an interpretation of various aspects of ones genome? almost lawyers have already voiced their concerns about the ability of the law to provide genetic defences where it may be possible to challenge prosecutions on the ability to undermine the ethical principle of the validity of individual responsibility. The concept of free-will may be legally challenged in the prospect of discovery of various genetic traits that may predispose the individual to any one oaf number of behaviour patterns such as antisocial or thrill-seeking behaviour or violence. (Laurie G 2004)We currently accept that some manifestations of the human genome are now routinely enshrined in virtually unchallengeable law. DNA identification in criminal law is commonplace and scarcely questioned. Paternity suits are colonized on the basis of genetic make-up. It doesnt take a quantum fountain of intuition to appreciate that there may soon be potential negligence cases brought against physicians and the like who fail to warn patients against the possibility of developing the ever increasing number of disease processes that are thought to have a genetic predisposition or component.The converse of that dilemma is should we expect physicians to smash information found by genetic testing if there is no known cure? It follows that if we do not then people could be condemned to live with the knowledge that they are statistically likely to develop any one oaf number of diseases th at they may very well, in other circumstances, have chosen to live in ignorance of. (Hyde, SC et al. 1993)Such cases have already surfaced, unsurprisingly in the USA. The estate of a colonic cancer victim unsuccessfully tried to sue a physician who failed to warn him about a genetic predisposition to colonic cancer from which he subsequently died. (Safer v Estate of Peck 1996) roughly measures have been taken to sweat to protect exploitation of the genetic status of individuals where it is known. In the USA, some 16states have enacted laws to prevent both health and other insurance companies from using any form of genetic information to load premiums or to refuse cover.The initial reaction to these moves was one of delight, but it soon became clear that this was only of any potential value when the individual was asymptomatic. There was no bar to premium levels once the symptoms became apparent. To some extent, although the same level of legal prohibition does not apply in the UK, there is little difference. In this country, insurance companies will still load premiums or refuse cover once symptoms are apparent. (Rothstein MR1999)Social and medical considerationsAs we have implied earlier in this piece, the fundamental nature and importance of the human genome project to humanity as a whole means that its impact has great implications for the fields of law, ethics and social considerations. This is hardly surprising as, at the most basic level, all these common chord considerations are inextricably linked.Many of the social implications are also fix up with medical considerations and therefore we shall consider both of these elements together.Humans, as a race, have about 3 million pairs of bases that determine their genetic identity. interpersonal differences between individual humans however, are determined by only one tenth of one present of our collective DNA. These three million base pairs are last responsible for the physical and perhaps behavioural diverseness that we observe in our species. (Erickson 1993)It is in the nature of inheritance that this variation has accumulated across the generations by small mutations or variations in the base sequences. These small differences are ultimately responsible for all human diversity including many overt disease process and predisposition or subway to others.It is clearly important where these mutations take place as some have no functional effect, others may confer some form of advantage or benefit (and thereby the motive factor behind the evolutionary processes) others may cause disease or even be inconsistent with life.(Griesenbach U et al 2002),It can be argued that all disease process have at least a genetic component. It can be completely due to a genetic malfunction such as the defect in the single gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembraneconductance regulator (CFTR) which results in an abnormal expression of one protein (the protein is still expressed, but due to one ami no acid irregularity it folds in a different way) which results in the clinical situation of cystic fibrosis. (Piteous DJ et al 1997). Equally it may be due to a variation in the genetic code that modifies how the immune system responds to a particular pathogen (Yoshimura, K et al. 1992).As we understand how our genome influences literally every aspect of our health we will inevitably discover more ways to combat and tackle the diseases of mankind. Before we move on to discuss overtly social and ethical considerations we should logically extend the appraisal and examination of the medical issues, as they have a pronounced way on these other areas.With the advent of a greater understanding of the human genome and the cellular mechanisms of regulation and disease comes the prospect of gene therapy. On the one hand, the potential benefits for the sufferers of single gene mutation syndromes such as Tay Aschs disease and Sickle Cell Anaemia are clear and undisputed, and yet the same te chnology has enormous social and ethical ramifications.There are thought to be about 4,000 single gene defect syndromes known to medical science at present (Termite, S et al 1998). These are the prime targets for the gene therapy researchers There are also an enormous number of more complex, but still primarily genetically determined disease process, such as Alzheimers Disease and schizophrenia, together with the commoner Diabetes Mellitus and hypertension variants which, although having a genetic component, are thought to be manifested after a goal of interaction with environmental factors. It is quite possible that the techniques of gene therapy could ultimately be applied to these conditions as well.(Sikorski R et al 1998),Social and medical benefitsThe advent of understanding of gene function leads to other developments in the fields of both diagnostics and perhaps preventative medicine. There is already considerable debate in pharmaceutical circles about the ability of resear chers to utilise genetic information to make predictive assumptions about the ability of individuals to metabolise medicines. (Sailor R et al. 1998).One of the plentiful problems with pharmacology is that, although a normal response to a particular drug can be predicted reasonably accurately, there are variations in genetic make-up which cause marked differences in threat of metabolism and reasoning by elimination of some drugs. In many cases, these differences are of minor clinical importance, but in anaesthetic and cytotoxic drugs, the differences can be lethal. (Wriggle DJ 2004).As extension of this thread of argument is that it is known that some malignancies will respond well to some cytotoxic agents while others will show no response at all. The point behind these comments is that there are considerable efforts in the pharmaceutical industry to identify the particular regions of the genome which are ultimately responsible for these differences. If they can be found it follow s that they may either be capable of modification (by gene therapy or other mechanism) or their effect can be measured so that the dose (or even the type) of medication can be adjusted with far more confidence in the knowledge of the likely pharmacodynamics of that individual patient.(Spindle et al 2002). It is the ultimate hope and goal of these efforts that the pharmaceutical industry will ultimately be able to hotfoot up the process of drug development, make the drugs faster and more effective while dramatically reducing the number of adverse drug reactions observed.Social and medical difficultiesGene tests are currently in the process of being developed as a direct result of the human genome project. Some are already commercially available. the social implications here are huge. rather apart from the medical implications of being able to predict the likelihood of possibly developing certain disease processes, there are legal and social applications as well. Courts have been p resented with the results of gene tests in cases as diverse as medical malpractice, privacy violations, criminal cases and even child custody battles.(Diamond. B. 2001)The immediate difficulty in this area is, firstly that there is insufficient knowledge to be able to interpret the results of the gene tests with 100% accuracy. This, when combined with the knowledge that many of the conditions that currently can be tested for have no known or successful treatment, leads to enormous social and ethical dilemmas. spot it may be considered quite reasonable to tell a person that they are carrying a defective gene for cystic fibrosis ( as a carrier state, rather than a symptomatic individual) and thereby allow them to make positive decisions with regard to whether they choose to run the risk of passing that particular gene on to future generations. Is it reasonable to tell someone in their 20s that they are likely to develop Alzheimers Disease in their 60s? How will that knowledge impinge upon their approach to life? (Douglas C 2002)Equally how will such knowledge affect the eventual application and acceptance of health insurance policies which are currently worked out on

T.K.Maxx Strategic Analysis

T.K.Maxx strategic AnalysisT.K Maxx is one of the famous European off- price seller with more than than stores, more variety of convergences and lineament brands. T.K Maxx is part of the TJX companies which is known as the off-price sell chain in the linked States. Retail concept of United States came to the United landed estate in 1994 because the first T.K Maxx was opened in Bristol in 1994. As of June 2009, T.K Maxx had 247 stores across Europe, 212 stores in the United kingdom, 13 in Ireland, 18 in Germany and 4 in Poland (Source Official website T.K. Maxx).T.K Maxx is the 10th largest fashion retailer in the UK (Source TNS Fashion Tracker). T.K. Maxx is the UKS fourth favorite retailer, the third favorite attire retailer and the UKs shoe retailer for 2009 (Source Verdit Retail Group).III. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats3.1 StrengthsAffordable price and quality result is the demand of the more customers and T.K Maxx has the positive allude of customers.T. K Maxx encompasses a wide flow of sectors and populate may have little options but to buy modern clothes and other accessories they choose for T.K Maxx.The fall(a)ing cost of goods over the medieval decade has encour suppurated consumers, to buy goods more often than in the past.The UK retail merchandising benefits from a strong tradition in fashion and design. T.K Maxx besides make a motioned from this. 3.2 WeaknessSales argon seasonal, Most of the expensive items like coats, party wear and different endowment funds are required mainly in Christmas time.Many large retail companies wear established and it is difficult for controversy and to established saucily T.K Maxx stores.The recession has also sparked price war that is nevertheless eroding profit margins. 3.3 OpportunitiesT.K Maxx chain that offer relatively cheap items should do well during the recession.UK residents continue to surpass less on clothes than Europeans because in that location is a potential for c ontinued growth in the overall market.primarily men spend less on clothing than women, and there is scene to encourage men to take a bang-uper interest in fashion.T.K Maxx provides the quality product in discount rate price which becomes the opportunity to those mountain who have low income. Thus, it is easy to make customers change their acquire behavior by special characteristics of the products. A product with special features demonstrated in suppress places can draw customers attention and result in their buying decision. 3.4 ThreatsThe growth of the retail market shows little symbol of slowing in assembly line because of more competition. Then the fillings of the customers may decrease.The decrease in the place of the pound could cause the cost of retail market of T.K Maxx also because the import clothes and other accessories will rise, which could result in lower gross sales volumes.A prolonged and deep recession may cause shop habits to change in the long term, wit h a new emphasis on saving. Consumers may burn to spend more money on clothing and other areas of consumption.The growth of the cheap production and the graduate(prenominal)er competition could affect the overall business.IV. PESTLE AnalysisThe external factors have a great impact in the sector of business. The external factors which affect the business are dealt under PESTLE depth psychology. PESTLE stands for political, economical, social, technological, wakeless and surroundingsal factors.1. Political factors governance is the art and science of government. The policy of government directly affect to the company. Similarly, T.K Maxx is bear on by the tax policies, trade restrictions, political stability, tariffs restriction etc.2. economic factors The global recession and economic downturn has trim the sales of retail products and other home accessories. At present nearly of the state are jobless. The unemployment rate for October to December 2009 was 7.8 per cent, unch anged on the canton. The number of unemployed people fell by 3,000 over the quarter to reach 2.46 million. The number of people unemployed for more than 12 months increased by 37,000 over the quarter to reach 663,000, the highest figure since the three months to September 1997. The number of people claiming Jobseekers registration (the claimant count) increased by 23,500 between December 2009 and January 2010 to reach 1.64 million, the highest figure since April 1997. This periodical increase in the claimant count was preceded by two consecutive periodical falls. (Source Office for National Statistics ) Increasing in unemployment affect to the business. This is also touch the T.K Maxx troupe. T.K Maxx have branded themselves as selling to everyone and therefore offer a regularise of products and services from Value to Finest prices thus appealing to all segments of the market.3. affable factors Society and culture is an important factor that must be disposed emphasis by any business. Now a days approximately of the people are becoming sophisticated and crazy in cutting-edge clothes and shoes. T.K Maxx provide these fashionable clothes and shoes in bear able price. Also customers have positive effect towards the quality product of the T.K Maxx Company.4. Technological factors Technology offer companies a new way to clear with consumers. Technology can reduce costs and mend quality of product, online shopping, online gift card competition ,T.K Maxx fan from hardihood book , CCTV recording for security etc. are the example of technology which are used in T.K Maxx. Customers can select and order for goods from the nearest T.K Maxx store according to their choice using technological instrument.5. Environmental factors To keep the neat and clean environment inside every T.K Maxx stores, cleaners are provided by the Initial Company of UK. Initial company provides training to the cleaners to make tidy as well as to recycle the waste.6. Legal factors Age restriction, increasing in the minimum wage, variety of employment law for employee (student 20/10 hours, rich time workers 40 hours) are example of recent laws which affect to the company. transmit in trade policy, health and safety, product safety are the legal factors.V. T.K Maxx Strategic Marketing To develop a new business intrigue T.K. Maxx developed a promotional campaign that emphasized big labels exquisite prices and love T.K. Maxx. To connect customers within the business it provides 60% discount in different items. Also to attract customers T.K Maxx produces products according to the choice and interest of the customers. T.K Maxx is move to increase number of stores near about 275 in the United Kingdom and Ireland also approximately 300 stores in Germany. While we consider in to the strategic merchandising process, T.K Maxx aims at building customer satisfaction .Also for no-hit market it gives more focus on building brand. T.K Maxx makes sure that all staffs are motivated and all pulling in the same kick to fulfill the objectives of the company. It has a unique business approach .Customers are authorise to buy all sorts of brands and labels, various qualities like big and small, a range of colors ,styles and sizes. The most important part is that customers can bring forth particular(a) value. As a sales promotion technique T.K Maxx organized most monthly promotions. To enter in the promotion customers aged over 18 need to sign up in the online .Every month one some(a)body will get the top prize i.e. TK Maxx gift card of 250 to spend in TK Maxx UK.1. Sport Relief emailprotected competition2. Sport relief looking at book competition3. Sport relief online T-shirt competitionThe major(ip) competitors of TK Maxx are Tesco PLC, Primark stores limited and George clothing. The development of an effective marketing dodging depends upon an appreciation of the working of the market place, of customers needs as well as appropriate mix for the m arket segment and prevailing environmental conditions. Also brain of the needs, wants and behavior of customers are the most important factors in designing a marketing strategy. T.K Maxx is always trying to fulfill these factors for the development of effective marketing strategy. Advertisement is also one of the effective communication tools for marketing consumer products in T.K Maxx. Television, newspapers and internet are the medium of advertisement of T.K Maxx. Similarly, T.K Maxx fan which is provided in the face book of T.K Maxx is also the attraction of the customers towards this company. For the promotion of the company T.K Maxx has participated in some charity works which are given belowIn the UK in 2007, T.K. Maxx was an active participant of Comic Relief, having been the sole retailer of the Red jab Day t-shirts which generated 2 million to the Comic Relief cause. In 2009, T.K. Maxx was once again the sole retailer of the Red Nose Day t-shirts with exclusive designs b y Stella McCartney, raising a total of 3,200,589.T.K. Maxx also works with the Woodland aver by starting to charge for plastic carrier bags in opulent 2008 and donating the proceeds to the Trust. The proceeds have allowed the Woodland Trust to plant 30,000 new trees on a 15acres (60,703m2) site near Elmstead Market, Essex. The usage of carrier bags from T.K. Maxx has reduced by 73% since the scheme was launched. Since 2004, T.K. Maxx has held a Christmas card recycling scheme in conjunction with the Trust. (Source www.tkmaxx.co.uk) 5.1 Problems1. Staff availability It is nearly difficult to get assistance, especially on a Saturday or during a sale. It is a discount designer retailer store which does not offer the same take of service as a Ralph Lauren outlet.2. Security The computer systems of T.K Maxx were targeted by hackers in Watford and Massachusetts from which about 45.7 million accounts were stolen. Those customers who used their card between January 2003 and June 2004 wer e unnatural from this problem.3. Stains and holes some retail items in the T.K Maxx appear worn. So customers should do bounteous check sooner paying for the item. Returning it with marks could prove tricky.VI. close From the analysis of the study it can be concluded that T.K Maxx has the positive impact of the customers because it uses a concept called off price to sell designer and high street goods at a discount up to 60 per centum on recommended retail price. This will help to T.K Maxx to sell huge make out of its product in a short time and to provide new, scented and fashion able products to the customers. Since the company is offering clothing designs for all age groups which depend on the needs and demand of their customers. The result of the PESTLE analysis carried out on the macro-environment of T.K Maxx company indicated very significant effect for the exertion and company itself, it can be concluded that the business of T.K Maxx Company is pass judgment to be fe asible and grow faster. The sector of the retail is one of the most competitive in the business world so that effective marketing strategy is required in order to be successful. Availability of the quality products, good customer service and promotion of the T.K Maxx shows the effective marketing strategy of the company. This will provide a better idea of how to market products and improve customers base.VII. RecommendationFrom the above analysis and conclusion I would like to draw out some recommendations for the improvement of the T.K Maxx Company.1. Full check of clothes and goods should be performed before sending the items to the T.K Maxx stores to sell because they may be damaged or worn.2. T.K Maxx stores are situated in the European countries and United States only. To expand in its business and to provide good customers service it is recommended that the stores of T.K Maxx should open in developing countries also.To reduce the waiting time of customers in queue to pay for items T.K Maxx should increase more staffs.BIBLIOGRAPHYCartwright, R. (2002) Mastering Marketing Management, PalgraveFrain, J. (1999) Introduction to Marketing 4th edition, London Thomson personal credit line Presshttp//www.tkmaxx.com 14 Feb 2010 at 0035http//www.tjx.com 17 Feb 2010 at 1537About T.K Maxx. T.K Maxx Retrieved 26 Feb 2010 2026

Components of Risk Management

Components of happen Management1st the definition of insecurity attempt is simply a possible nemesis that may pop off during a specific return or even in a normal day which may affect our lives in miscellaneous ship fashion by changing the ordinary r fall outine in a dramatic turn of shells whether its Damage, loss, liability in that respect is always a chance of a possible guess that may buy the farm (though odds may veer by the surrounding Environment, situations and the temper of the encounter) (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017)Examples of assay 1. Financial essay The supposition that a original project or business may non cover the costs and expenses that been spent on it or even poser loss of resources.Examples of financial jeopardize (Investinganswers.com, 2017)Economic riskiness is the disaster that macroeconomic conditions equal exchange rate, government economic Regime or semipolitical influences may affect the Economical state of an investment or an entire countryPolitical put on the line is divided into ii types (Investopedia.com, 2017) Macro and micro A macro jeopardy refers to adverse actions that will rent an jolt on all(prenominal) foreign businesses expropriation or insurrection. On the second establish we have Micro take a chance and its remotely different from macro and the dispute is that a micro risk will affect a authentic industrial field or business caused by corruption, prejudicial expression against foreigner countries and their investments and usually will end up losing a contend of Money if they be un sterilized for such turn of events. For example afterwards Fidel Castros gained witness over Cuba in 1959 hundred millions of dollars worth Ameri deal Investments were expropriated by Castros government unfortunately most of these Ameri peck businesses had no resources or pick plans to retrieve their loss back.Liquidity risk the contiguous situations will simplify the concept of liquidity risk (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) Situation 1 not organism qualified to fulfill the needs of depositors and borrowers due the lack of cash or cash equivalents. Situation 2 sales of illiquid assets cheaper than their usual value. Situation 3 illiquid assets will not be sold in the scheduled duration planned due to the lack of customers.2. Food industry encounter The accident that harm may make out due to a certain destiny affecting a certain magnitude.3. Work place risk The possibility that an crack may occur during work whether the job is risky or not.2nd The Components of adventure ( project-Management.com) risk has 3 components. These components should be reducen one after another one at a snip in con aspectration objet dart deciding how to coiffe a riskThe event that could elapse.The possibility that an event could happen.The effects and the results if the event happens.How to begin? Analyze the possible risks that mogul happen to your business, life etc. Most of th e Risks could be divided in two External and internal. Internal Risks Business protesters have various ways to apply internal risks which happen from day to day represented in things like Strategies, financials and employees. External risks Such as disasters and compliance. These are hard to control condition, Analyze and prepare for only it could be done by a serial publication of preparations.The jut out (Investinganswers.com, 2017)Risk perplexity plans guide you on your way to break up the risk, hear solutions and get ready to face that risk any birthn moment. though this plan doesnt describe the risk as a structure still the techniques of solving problems and facing these risks properly. Step 1 get wording the possible risk (Gov.uk, 2017) for the first magazine of all in front taking any graduations you should consider decision a group to think with about the possible risks. Its always purify to think in groups to cover all the corners of the topic. Think of what c ould be great(p) your business and how would it affect you and reflect on your work. You should be taking time to analyze and determine what the risks around you are by covering all the surrounding issues and thinking of the true potential risk and categorizing it. Categorizing risks wagers on the nature of your work and your surroundings. For example if youre running a factory you should consider the risk of having technical difficulties such as the fact that machines may stop public presentation or even injuries may occur within your factory. These elements you can control by taking the right cautious steps. These are called internal risks such as we mentioned to begin with. However, in cases of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis etc., there is nothing lots you can do about it and you may not have control over these external risk elements.2nd step in our proclivity here is prioritizing project risk (Gov.uk, 2017)And its simply determining how apparent o r unlikely the mentioned risks may occur and calculating the potential impact on the project may be minimal. For example a huge squeeze could happen and cancel some flights. Thats a risk that unlikely to happen. For example a meteor shower might hit a certain area on earth and that would cause the same effect as the previous example, but its still unlikely to happen or it doesnt happen too often if I may say.Probability racing shell after(prenominal) determining the risk, prioritizing and categorizing them, its now time to put them on the probability scale or the possibility scale Very unlikely, unlikely, possible, likely, most likely by and by measuring how serious and likely the risk would happen, its now time to deliberate how influential and impacting the risk is. Using the impact scale which goes as following Very first base, Low, moderate, high, very highThe techniques and the systems used to rank a risk applying probability scale and impact scaleIdentifying the risk th at is most likely to happen, rank it 5.Identify the risk that is the least likely to happen, rank it 1. point the other risks check to how likely they may occur.Apply the previous method on the impact scale.Example no.1 flightRisk degree centigrade tempestProbability3Impact 5Priority Actions Example no.2 rush RiskMeteor showerProbability1Impact5Priority Actions Calculating priority Once the probability and impact have been determined, you can easily calculate the priority by multiplying its probability by dint of its impact. By this method you should be able to re govern your risk tend in order of your own priorities.Example no.1 flightRisk snow stormProbability3Impact 5Priority 15Actions Example no.2 Flight RiskMeteor showerProbability1Impact5Priority 5Actions As we mentioned earlier that each environment has its risks and each situation has a set of risks. This leads us to our next point. portion maps the definition of calamity maps (Earthquake.usgs.gov, 2017) A hazard map i s a highlighted map spotting dangerous areas that affected or vulnerable to a certain hazard or risk such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides etc.. reckon maps are created and used too often to expose the areas of high risk however hazard maps has various uses. For example the one created by the U.S geologic survey which is used by American Insurance Agencies in order to maintain insurance covered citizens inviolable for living in crazy areas. This leads us to a very important point which is event explanation. emergence history The only purpose of event history is to record, analyze and pardon why certain muckle are at higher risks than others. This can be done by a particular sort of motionless methods depending on the matter which is discussed. The first single requirement to devise an event history abridgment is event history data.The definition of event history (members.home.nl/, 2017) Its simply a static or a series of events record by the date and time wh ich happened to an individual or a series of individuals. For Example an event history might be constructed by enquire a series of question to a sample of people or making a survey which will report the dates of any foregone changes in marital status (for example). Risk appetite A way to help and lead an physical composition system to approach risk and risk management. The definition of Risk appetite (theirm.com, 2017) Its the amount of risk that a certain organization is able to tolerate and accept in the quest of its objectives and before the action is considered necessary. This done to reduce the risk since it works as a balance between the perks of creativity and the risk that change inevitably brings.Levels of Risk appetite Averse Avoiding risk and uncertainty. Minimal dip to maximum rubber options that is low on risk for a expressage reward. Cautious tendency to safe side options that have a minimal degree of risk and may have limited potential for a reward. Open volunta ry to consider all options, the safe side part and the risky side as well and choose the one most likely to give better results. Hungry eager to be innovative and willing to impinge on the risks by choosing options with higher or better rewards despite the obvious risk, however the risk could be reduced by measuring the odds, though minute measurement isnt always possible. By defining the risk appetite an organization can make a perfect balance between concept and caution for better results and higher, safer profits. However if a risk occurred and it already happened well need to use methods called Risk treatment.The definition of risk treatment (simplicable.com, 2017) A risk treatment protocol or method which simply shows you how to manage a risk process all of its contents and treat it with various solutions.Avoidance The first way to solve a problem is to subjugate it and not needing to deal with it which in this case not taking the risk at all by avoiding its actions and st aying out of its direction for a safe result.Reduction You can always stay safe, always be fain for the risk, for example wearing a life jacket when you go out for a swim, that way you will reduce the risk of drowning.Risk borrowing Also known as risk retention which is simply choosing to take the risk instead of avoiding it.How to assess the risk? (Gov.uk, 2017) There are few things you need to know if you desire to assess the risk.1st you need to identify the risks and the hazards such as we mentioned before. 2nd you need to know who would get harmed by these hazards. 3rd appreciate the risks. 4th record your researches and studies about the risk. 5th limited review your discernment to make sure that everything is going as planned.Risk management process 1st youd need to identify the hazards as usual and make sure that you studied all the sides of these hazards. 2nd risk identification youd want to be fully aware of the risk and the hazards caused by it. For example Hazard w orn out wires on electric items. Riskworker might get electrocuted. 3rd risk judicial decision as its really importantto evaluate the odds of an injury occurring on with the possible consequences. Thats why risk assessment is based on two factors.The possible impact of any injury caused by a hazard and the possibility that the injury will happen, a risk matrix should be used in this type of situations.Risk Matrix (Brighthub Project Management, 2017) Is a matrix used during the risk assessment to categorize the various levels of risk and the amount of harm that can be predicted to happen during a specific event an accident. Forexample, the level of risk could be measured and calculated as the result of possibility that harm could occur multiplied by the severity of that harm. Catastrophic Numerous demises.Critical 1 Death or Several Severe Injuries. Marginal 1 Severe crack or several Minor Injuries. Negligible 1 Minor distressNegligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain hi ghschool High extremum Extreme Likely learn High High Extreme Possible Low Moderate High Extreme Unlikely Low Low Moderate Extreme RareLow Low Moderate High 4th risk control (riskcontrolstrategies.com, 2017) Urgent actions must be taken for risk assessed as critical or high risk, the actions accept Instructions for immediate cessation of Activity, Isolation of the hazard, Prioritizing and immediate reacts to the hazard along with few improvements that can be done quickly, Training workers to be able to deal with the hazard properly and finally Daily check on the hazard to prevent any catastrophic losses.5th branch diagrams (risk diagrams) (smartdraw.com, 2017)This analysis method is often used in preventive engineering to attribute out and determine how system can break or drain to analyze how to reduce risk or determine rates and statics of safety accidents. And its commonly used nuclear powers and chemicals processing. Fault tree analysis can be used to understand the concep t to the risk event. First extract the guidelines with the input system safety. Second Prioritize the circumstances leading to the hazard event. Third Monitor and insure safer performance. Fourth Control over resources. ordinal Assist building a system and a matrix. Sixth diagnosing and identifying and avoid the causes of the top event.6th Risk shew (Brighthub Project Management, 2017) subject risks register Is a national security strategy was first published by the government back in 2008. Aiming to provide advices on how people and business can stay safe by preparing themselves for civil emergencies, there was another update in January 2012 and it was a fulfilling update to the 2008s register. Such register contained all the governments likelihood and potential emergencies risks made by several emergencies and hazards according to natural and industrial occurring hazards that may affect the United Kingdom.2. Local risk Register Whatever risk we face daily, it depends on where we live, how we live and the nature of environment around us. Flooding for example will be limited to certain areas of the country, while the odds of an industrial risk will depend on the type of industry and the place each area has its own set of risks. For example living by the coast could put you at the risk of a tsunami or a flood. Each area is special when it comes to risks. Therefore, the government provides guidance and instructions on how to act or what to do during this kind of events. It also shows how to overcome and how to treat these risks and how to be prepared before any risk hits suddenly.7th Dynamic Risk Assessment (KPMG, 2017) DRA was certain by KPMG team A team of scientists, mathematicians and economists. Its considered a huge step forward in the risk Assessment field which depends on theories, in advance(p) algorithms, mathematics and advanced well processed data to identify and analyze risk in a 4th dimensional view. This allows professionals to see where ri sk can be considered critical or even spread contagion. The threat is measured and calculated before the event to prevent its occurring.References BusinessDictionary.com. (2017). When was the last time you said this?. online addressable at http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/risk.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. online Available at https//home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/ inspect/dynamic-risk-assessment.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Imagineeducation.com.au. (2017). Imagine Education Australia. online Available at http//www.imagineeducation.com.au/files/CHC30113/6_Steps_to_Risk_Manageme Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. online Available at https//project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017. Spacey, J. (2017). 5 Types of Risk Treatment. online Simplicable. Available at http//simplicable.com/new/risk-treatment Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Gov.uk. (2017). Risk assessm ent how the risk of emergencies in the UK is assessed GOV.UK. online Available at https//www.gov.uk/guidance/risk-assessment-how-the-risk-of-emergencies-in-the-uk-is-assessed Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Earthquake.usgs.gov. (2017). Introduction to the National seismal Hazard Maps. online Available at https//earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/learn/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. online Available at https//project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. online Available at https//home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/audit/dynamic-risk-assessment.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Brighthub Project Management. (2017). What Is a Risk Register? Explanation Free Template. online Available at http//www.brighthubpm.com/risk-management/3247-creating-a-risk-register-a-free-excel-template/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Smartdraw.com. (2017). Fault channelise Diagram What is a Fault Tree and Faul t Tree Analysis?. online Available at https//www.smartdraw.com/fault-tree/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Theirm.org. (2017). Risk appetite and tolerance. online Available at https//www.theirm.org/knowledge-and-resources/thought-leadership/risk-appetite-and-tolerance/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Risk Control Strategies. (2017). Risk Control Strategies Threat Security Solutions. online Available at https//www.riskcontrolstrategies.com/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.

Press Freedom in Malaysia

tug license in MalayansiaIntroduction and scene of barrack FreedomAccording to the World cut Freedom magnate 2014, our country, Malaysia ranks 147 among 180 countries. The World Press Freedom Index measures the degree of license of the journalists and tidings demesneation in each country, how often clock times efforts that the common assess to the liberty and ensure it, and to a fault the negative connection between culture and conflicts. There atomic number 18 roughly general criteria that the World Press Freedom Index apply to score the country which ar pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, foil and infrastructure (Reporters with issue Borders, 2014). Since our country ranks in 147, it means that Malaysias twinge liberty is tot exclusivelyy in a difficult situation. The violations and discrimination of the journalists and in some(prenominal) case the daily tidings which publish ab extinct violence and negati ve issues whollyow affect the World Press Freedom ranking.The stark nakeds media in Malaysia argon almostly monopolized by uprightnesss and regulation. It covers a huge area in the media persistence and restrict them in many ways. Government may reinforce the fabrication by adopting and implementing a self-regulation code and even watch or track down them to impose those regulations (Alsogoff Hamzah 2007). This results in the restriction of crush out granting immunity. Press emancipation protects the immunity to obtain and publish materials without the politics censorship or the law enforcement. It applies to all types of printed and broadcast material such as books, newspapers, journals, magazines, brochures, films and radio and even the picture programs.The abridge are not given too much antecedent or credibility to perform on trusted things. According to Alsagoff, Abdullah Hassan (2011), they give tongue to that thither are three ways to restrict the shake up freedom in Malaysia which are through and through restrictive laws, possessorship from political fare comfortablyies and machine-accessible business individuals and similarly the self-censorship which are exercised by the editors and journalists. Because of the laws and regulations towards the press freedom, the press and the national raisenot extract their feelings and thoughts freely. This has already restricted them to think creatively and critically.Importance of Press FreedomAs we know, although the press freedom has been partially restricted in Malaysia, either the online news or news way out, the journalists tranquilize consider the freedom of press important for some reasons and tactical maneuver their role as the responsibleness to transmit the tuition to the public, as followsSince the entropy and the news has been published without macrocosm biased or prejudiced, the public are qualified to make decision or think critically about the related issuePress functions not only as the indicator of an issue but as well as the as the medias predictor of the change in the nations over the worldPress can be cognise as a part of the media to help to maintain the balance and the democracy of the country. Media acts as the watchdog of the masses and overly the Fourth Estate other than the three traditional estate of the realm of the Parliament.Nowadays, there are strong inseparable relationship between the posture of democracy and the role of the press and media. It means that one cannot function without another(prenominal) where the rapid growth of the technology and the rise of the mixer media is challenging the restrictions from the governing to the press media.(Dr.Sankaran, n.d.)Technology, Social Media and ReformasiThe media crisis issues which were happened in Malaysia has contributed to the idea of press freedom. Most of the press freedom had their printing licenses revoked because of the restriction of the presidency and the l aws.After facing much obstacles from make materials such as may 1969 Riots, subroutine Lalang and the Reformasi issue, the trouble shifted to the Internet. In the early September 1998, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad fired his natural law lieutenant Anwar Ibrahim. Many Malaysians were craving to search for the faithfulness of why Anwar had been fired as the government concealed the truth from the mainstream media. Thus, the substitute media such as online meshsite were sprang up to find out the truth and to maintain the principles as journalists which are enhancer and accountability. For example, Malaysias most popular email controvertion, The Sangkancil mailing list, the self-supporting web-based daily newspaper, Malaysiakini,com, website for a community to cultivate a public sphere, Freemedia, and the web radio which nether the Centre of Investigative Journalisms operation, RadiqRadio.com (Anil, 2002). It also claims that Anwar Ibrahim is the one who brought ou t the trend of using alternative media to find out the truth.In this new era, collectible to the climbment of the technology, newspaper are slowly not recognized by the people as they are able to search the information that they want through the alternative media. The Internet appeared to translate the ways that the news media work used to be in technological-developing countries as well as how the society groups try to change the society (Robie, n.d.). Thus, it makes a large extent to the alternative or independent media in the world. It provides alternative viewpoint, opinion and information to the public (Atton, 2002).Although blogs and kindly ne cardinalrking website were not essentially used to share information, they are widely used to spread the news crack than the mainstream media which automatically transform into the most potential information source (Sajad, n.d.). However, there are still some people who use the alternative and the kindly media such as Facebook, Twi tter, Youtube and other sources to spread misinformation and rumors.Alternative media differs with the mainstream media from some dimensions which are their contents, aesthetic, production method, distribution method, and the relations between audiences. Every alternative media created with certain aims and purpose. For example, Malaysiakini was established for the journalists who dissatisfied with the biased news content and their objective is to fight the boundaries and test the press freedom (Wang, 2001). It shows that although the mainstream media has been restricted by the government, there are still some alternative media with different purposes for public to voice out their opinion. Therefore, the technology advancement and the rising of social media give a location that there is press freedom in the society.The may 1969 Riots The Idea of Press FreedomIn the 1969 general alternative, the ruling Alliance Party which includes UMNO, MCA and MIC nearly failed to gain a two-t hirds majority seats in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). On the other hand, the resister parties managed to get the majority seats and the supports from public. The opposition parties involving DAP, Gerakan, PAS and formed a joint double-prong commission for two purposes which to prevent voting splitting and to campaign for each other by asking their supporters to select for anyone other than the Alliance Party (Lim, 2012). Therefore, it created a multi-ethnic society and certain most of the votes and grant wel rally from Malays.However, the government seemed to not have an contract with the situation. According to them, it was caused by the inflammatory speeches do by the political parties during the election campaign and made the oppositions parties staged the victory processions (Lee, 1995). This is why the government mat that their position and status had been little terrorened. To solve this situation, the King, advised by the government, decla red an necessity state in Malaysia. At the same time, all press publication were requested to shut down for two days starting from 16 May 1969 to inhibit the spread of propaganda (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). By the way, there are still some major newspapers were allowed to publish items but the news contents had to be censored by the government first. The press has completely controlled by the government and been restricted for two days although some of press were owned by backstage sector.Because of that, the journalists decided to revoke and fight for the press freedom. They noticed that the press freedom is important for the public to infrastand what is happening in our country. popular has the rights to know the truth behind the government. This is how does the press freedom idea come from.Control towards Press FreedomPrinting Presses and Publications Act (PPPA)The first law and regulation which controls the freedom of the press is the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA) . This legislative impinges on the media effectiveness in playing its role as disseminator of information and watchdog over the government of the day (Wang, 2001). Cardinally, British colonial government introduced the Printing Presses and Publications Act as the Printing Ordinance 1948 at the graduation exercise of the emergency state, in order to resist Communist activities which seems as a threat to the establishment. This act again revised in 1971 because of the 13 May 1969 to provide powers and to revoke the publications license who aggravated the internal sensitivities and the development. constituent 3 requires all publication to apply for an annual publishing licence. It makes the printers and the publishers cannot retain their licenses by eliminating the renewal process. If not, they could have to face the prison destination for 3 years jail sentence. It also added some curbs in the act. For example, Section 8(A) (2) states that the published material to be malicious if the writer cannot prove that he/she had taken reasonable measures to verify the truth of the news. Because of this amended act, the government forever and a day use this act to straighten the media law and control the publication either directly or indirectly.According to Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani (2005), the reasons that the government wants to restrict the press freedom and introduces the PPPA in Malaysia are to ensure the orders and to limit the ability of external presses to exploit peoples attitudes and minds towards the government and country as a whole.In 1987, two national dailies, The Star and Sin Chew Jit Poh and a Malay bi-weekly, Watan had their licenses revoked because the press were taking sides in their coverage of the Chinese education and also supported the opposition parties by continuously provide transparent news coverage. In 1988, they resumed the publication again after some changes in chromatography column staff and a climate of self-censorship among the j ournalists which continued through the 1990s.Official security measure Act (OSA)Moreover, the Official inscrutables Act (OSA) is also yet another turn of legislation that has restricted the right freedom of the expression. It replaced the Malay States Official Secret Ordinance 1950 and was based on the British OSA 1911 and 1920. It can be known a statute inMalaysiaprohibiting the dissemination of information classified as an positive hidden. This act is related to the communication of sensitive information to non-authorized persons or foreign agents. Raja Aziz Addruse (1990), former chairman of the Malayan Bar Council, describes the Act as the antithesis of the freedom of speech and of citizens right to input on and discuss the government misconduct and incompetence.To exemplify, Section 2 in OSA defines authorised secret as any official letter, information, or material which is classified by the Minister and the Chief Minister of state or an appointed public officer as Top S ecret, Secret, Confidential, and curtail. Subsequent amendments to this Act have had the effect of making almost all official documents to be classified as official secret (Mustafa, 2002). The public does not have the right to speak out the voice as they are afraid they may be sued or even sentenced to jail. The journalists are also having the same situation too. They are not allowed to report or do any further investigation since the document has been labelled as secret by the Executive.Thus, many government officers use this as an pardon to cover things that cannot be exposed to the public such as bribery, relationship and power misusing and even the promiscuity. After that, they threatened the press to whitewash the truth so that the people will think that the government is truly practicing transparency and accountability. However, till then, this issue cannot be denied as it has been shown clearly through the daily newspaper and the related officers have gotten the punishment that they deserved.On 13 July 2007, Tan, a webmaster who works for the opposition Parti Keadilan Rakyat, was arrested under Section 8 of OSA. He was suspected on possessing official secrets on his blog by connecting a link (http//jelas.info) which accused Deputy Internal security measures Minister Johari Baharum suspecting in a bribery allegations in exchange for the release of people detained under Malaysia Emergency Ordinance. It is a law that deals with the internal security which allows for clutch without trial. Because of this, Johari had been called for an official investigation while Tan may face one to septenary years bonds if he found guilty of violating the OSA.Internal warranter Act (ISA) Furthermore, another law and regulation which restrict the press freedom is the Internal Security Act (ISA). ISA can be known as a preventive detention law force in Malaysia which provides for without-trial detention and arbitrary arrest for a period (Mustafa, 2002). This act is orig inally enacted in the early 1960s during a national state of emergency which play its role as a temporary measure to fight for a communist rebellion. It is based on barely suspicion that one may be commit an act which may bring dangerous and threat to the national security. By the way, this act has be shown clearly that how did it function during Operation Lalang.The issue development of Operation Lalang also brought the second largest Internal Security Act (ISA) alight in Malaysian History since the 13 May riots. Other than the three mainstream newspapers licenses were revoked, a number of 106 people were also detained under ISA declaring for participating in activities prejudicial to the security of Malaysia. The detainees include the leader of the Opposition, Lim turnout Siang, ALIRAN president Dr Chandra Muzaffar, DAP Deputy ChairmanKarpal Singh and so forth as well as university lecturers, environmentalists, businessman and some members of UMNO (Operasi Lalang, n.d.). It broug ht the major breakdown in the Malaysia political history during that time.There is some other examples of ISA cases which happened in Malaysia. On 2010, thirteen journalists, including two Malaysians, were arrested under ISA because of participating in hunger strikes in May and June due to lack of news over their release. Raja Petra Kamaruddin, a blogger of the Malaysia Today website who was well known for publishing a series of commentary articles on Malaysian politics on the website, was alleged by the Minister of Home Affairs, Dato Seri Syed Hamid Albar to be a threat to national security. On 11 April 2001, he was suspected for allegedly plotting to subvert the former Prime Minister Mahathir stack away Mohammad and was arrested under ISA. Then he was released after 52 days and again arrested for second time due to further investigation.Sedition ActIn 1948, the British colonial government enacted Sedition Act to fight with the Communists. The amendments were made through an Emer gency Ordinance 1971 after the riots of 1969. The aim is to illegalize any questioning on Part III (citizenship), Article 152 (national language), Article 153 (Malays prefer and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (Rulers sovereignty of the Federal Constitution) (Freedom of Expression, 2010).This act empowers the ministers or police to detain everyone who has been found guilty for spreading rebellious meanings or information which harm individuals, interest groups, societies and countries. Therefore, it limits the press freedom from publishing anything which seems like harming or threating the government officers. In history, the Sedition Act has been appealed against those critical of the government and the parliament members. Under this Act, if they found guilty, the parliament members can have their suspended parliamentary immunity. Over the years, many of them have been charged and found guilty under the Act. In 2009, the law has been played its role to arrest those w ho opposed to the Barisan content takeover of the Perak state government (Des Iskandar, 2014).To exemplify, University of Malaya law lecturer and columnist, Prof Dr. Azmi Sharom was charged under Sedition Act for his comments on the 2009 Perak constitutional crisis in an online news portal Malay Mail. He was arrested under Section 4(1) (b) which states officers who utters any rabble-rousing word will be fined for not exceeding RM5, 000 or imprisonment for not exceeding five years. Other than that, Malaysiakini online news portal journalist, Susan Loone also arrested under same act for publishing her phone interview with Penang executive councilor, Phee Boon Poh on the mass arrests of the states Voluntary Patrol Unit (PPS) on Merdeka Day since Phee is the EXCO who in charge of PPS.For the press, after the general election in 1999, PASs twice weekly party newspaper, Harakah editor Zulkifli Sulong and the printer Chea Lin Thye, owner of printing firm Syarikat Prema was arrested under Sediction Act for purposely publishing seditious material. Anwars lawyer, Karpal Singhwar also detained under the act because of allegedly seditious talking to in court.ConclusionAlthough our Malaysia is moving on to the developed-technology era with the rise of social media, most of the press still controlled and owned by the political parties or private sectors from different channels, either directly or indirectly. With the help of the social media, journalists still do not have the freedom to express what they really inform to tell the public. Therefore, the public seems like the frogs under the well who do not know what has happened to our government. Are they still practicing transparency and accountability? Do the government officers still doing something that we public do not know? Who can give us the answer? It is the journalists and the reporters If the government still restrict the press freedom, what is the value of publishing newspaper daily?There are some suggestions to enhance the press freedom in our country. Cardinally, it is necessary to reduce the parsimoniousness of media ownership towards the publication and social media (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). Less media ownerships attention help the news media to publish materials without concerning on the importance and the image of the private sector or political party but still requisite to obey the law enforcement as the responsibility of journalists. Furthermore,It is encouraged to invite new media actors enter the industry. It is crucial for new actors to provide alternative channels to express their opinions in an economically and socially-diverse society (Anil, 2002). Therefore, it able the public to think and comment on related issue with relevant examples and information critically.In a nutshell, promoting press freedom through the social media and mainstream media in our country is the most important and critical issue that the journalists should consider at the moment. Thus, we can develop an equal information flow and opinion between the government brass and the public.

The Fight for Sanity in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay

The Fight for Sanity in The yellowish cover Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The icteric Wallpaper is partly autobiographical and it illustrates the fight for selfhood by a women in an crush and oppressive environment. In the history, the narrator is not allowed to write or think, fundamentally becoming more dysfunctional as she is entrapped in a spring nursery room where bars adorn the windows and the bed is nailed to the floor. In this story in that respect is an obstinacy on behalf of the narrator as she tries to go nigh her husbands and physicians eternal sleeprictions, however, there is no resisting the oppressive nature of her environment and she finally surrenders to wildness even though it represents some kind of selfhood and resistance because it allows her to escape her oppression, She obsesses to the highest degree the yellow paper, in which she sees frightful patterns and an imprisoned female figure laborious to emerge. The narrator finally escapes from her agreel ing husband and the intolerable confines of her macrocosm by a final descent into insanity as she peels the wallpaper off and bars her husband from the room (Gilman, 1999, 1). Gilman herself suffered from post-partum hysteria and was treated by a famous doctor of the era, one who prescribed his famous rest cure, the same cure the female narrator cannot tolerate and defies in The Yellow Wallpaper. In this story the narrator remains nameless and there is good reason for it. She feels as if she has no identity or control over obtaining fulfillment and unity and satisfaction in life. Her husband is a doctor who also prescribes complete rest for her and is opposed to her doing the one occasion that seems to give her a unique voice, writing. Thus, the narrator defies her... ...ation of the personality) (Brown, 1999, 1). Gilman shows how this descent is inevitable in such an oppressive environment, unless, of course, one is as strong as Gilman herself in overcoming such an environment. Works Cited The Yellow Wallpaper. http//members.aol.com/luvthebard/111/yellowwallpaper.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Brown, B. D. A Psychological Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. http//www.usinternet.com/users/bdbourn/yellow.htm, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Dewey, J. Art and Education A Collection of Essays. Pennsylvania, The Barnes Foundation Press, 1954. Gilman, C. P. Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. New York, Pantheon Books, 1980. Gilman, C. P. Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper. http//endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/gilman87-des-.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2.

Change Management Essay -- essays research papers

Companies and organizations are changing continually to be more businesslike in what they do. Change is not always readily accepted. Many passel like to stay where they are and become comfortable with their current position. occupation writers and managers have stated that unless organizations continue to diverge, they will become stale and inefficient. there have been many change management initiatives such as make sense Quality Management, Six Sigma, and the Japanese Kaizen. Although these initiatives carry different names and roughly different processes, they all have a few elements in common. The close to important elements for successful change management, as emphasized by the communication channel text Human Resources Management in Canada and John P. Kotters denomination Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail, are date, sufficient communication, and grounds the urgency for change.Change is gradual it takes time for things to change. It has been said that, R ome wasnt built in a day. This is true for the business world as well. We simply cannot expect things to change overnight. Kotter has argued that it would more reasonable to allow a few years in order to fully allow the change process to unfold. Management should give themselves a man-sized window of time to schedule in change. If they believe that they can make a large change over-night, they are merely fooling themselves of their capacity to manage. No progeny how good a ma...

Disneylands Fiftieth Anniversary :: essays research papers

Over the ancient fifty years, the Walt Disney Company has turn out itself over and over again to the world. The Walt Disney Company as a strong consists of over twenty minusculeer companies first principle, Miramax Films, and ESPN to name a few. Within the past half century the Disney Company has built eleven theme parks, threesome(a) water parks, and countless resorts and hotels as well as a journey line which cover the globe. Expanding from Anaheim, atomic number 20 to Hong Kong and Tokyo, the Disney theme park line expounds the globe. still let Walt Disneys original Magic Kingdom not be forgotten as the globe celebrates the Happiest Homecoming on Earth. Fifty years ago, Disneyland, the happiest place on earth opened to the public. But this dream was no snap of the fingers, no, it took years of hard work and money. Walt Disney, a man from the small town of Marceline, Missouri, had a dream. He wanted a place where two the typical American family could spend a day to gether in a clean environment and also that they may have some form of entertainment while they were together. Walt was already an accomplished filmmaker and had the gold he needed, of course not all of the funds. His proposed idea was no to a greater extent than a small park right across the road from the Disney Studios in Burbank that consisted of no more than a train ride and a carousel. This was removed from what Disneyland initially became but nonetheless, it was a start, and a start is all that Disney needed. hightail it began. Walt Disneys dream had begun. One-hundred sixty acres of citrus trees had been cleared and several(prenominal) houses torn down in what would soon be the site of Walt Disneys Magic Kingdom. Work was long and difficult in the hot California sun making construction take a lot perennial than expected. Unlike Walts other project in Florida, which would not take place until much later, the Disneyland project was by no means a secret. The ABC te levision company made a deal with Disney to allow Disney to sustain a weekly show that was coincidentally titled Disneyland and coincidentally had Walt as the host. Walt saw television as an open market to promote movies or in this case, Disneyland. Disneyland the show was fairly cheap to make and produce as Disney already had the film equipment necessary for filming.

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne Essay -- Biography Biograph

Social Context in the Poetry of John Donne modern literary theory has thoroughly debunked the traditional view of the artist as a divinely inspired, completely original and creative individual. This view has been replaced with the more than apt view of the seed as a product of his or her environment and the animated discourses of the society in which he or she lives. In this radical attitude toward the writer as a product of society, the author is considered, according to Dr. James E. Porter, as somewhat of a quiltmaker who takes miscellaneous traces of the existing cultural intertext (the collected writing and debate of a society) and combines them in new ways to create new discourse (34). Differences in these new discourses of various authors are the result of existing debates concerning the dominant ideology of a extra society. While this theory of writing whitethorn be recent, it applies to the literature and the writers of entirely historical periods, including the Sevent eenth century. By looking at two poems by John Donne, namely The Canonization and The Flea, we can see how existing societal debates and beliefs create literature. At the time of the writing of The Canonization and The Flea, around the unloosen of the 17th century, one of the biggest debates in English society concerned who was trustworthy for the choice of a mate and what the criteria should be the basis for marriage. Until the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had been traditional for the parents in the upper classes to be the sole source of married decisions with their child having no say in the selection process and sm whollyer if any say in the approval of a proposed match (Stone 70). These logical marriages tended to be based solely on the accu... ...e historical and social stage setting of a poem can one truly see all of the dynamics at work within a poem. These analytical methods may not simplify the process of reading and interpreting literature, but they fur nish a greater depth of understanding and appreciation that should be of raise to students of literature. Works Cited Donne, John. The Canonization. The books of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York Oxford University Press, 1973. 526-27. Donne, John. The Flea. The Literature of Renaissance England. Ed. John Hollander and Frank Kermode. New York Oxford University Press, 1973. 534-35. Porter, James. Intertextuality and the Discourse Community. Rhetoric brush up Fall 1986 34-47. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage In England 1500- 1800. Abr. Ed. New York Harper & Row, Publishers, 1979.

Christopher Marlowes The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doc

Christopher Marlowes The Tragical register of the Life and Death of rectify FaustusFor a feed that has retained much of its scholarly value over the four snow and ten years, there is surprisingly little known about Christopher Marlowes masterpiece, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. The date of its origin performance is unknown, and is highly obscured by the added facts that there are two texts of Doctor Faustus, one published in 1604 the other in 1616 (Ribner viii). Christopher Marlowe, even in these early times, set a standard for tragic looseness of the bowelss, which would not be rivaled until Shakespeare unleashed his literary landmarks at around the same time Marlowes biography intercepted. Despite the lack of specifics on this seminal work, it is still easy to savor the pain Christopher Marlowe wished to convey with this text. Within the rich dialogue of The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Christopher Marlowe attempts to communicate a pe rsonal struggle both stimulated and spiritual, surrounded by what Marlowe views as human nature and what the world views as idols desires for man, and the overwhelming feelings of loss which accompany this struggle. Doctor Faustus is a play that thrives primarily on the discourses that abound throughout its length. In the dialogue between the two main characters, Doctor Faustus himself, and the demon Mephistophilis, one finds almost the aggregate of the play. Doctor Faustus is a man who of his own conscious willfulness brings calamity and torment crashing down on his head(Cole 191). Faustus finds himself melancholic with the pursuit of friendship he has thus far attained, commentingBe a physician, Faustus heap up gold,And be eternized for some wonderous cureWhy, Faustus, hast thou not attained that end?Is it not thy common talk sound aphorisms? (Ribner 5)He has grown draw of the pursuit of knowledge as he sees it, and believing himself to have engender educated in all of the worlds major subjects, seeks the power of God himself (Ellis-Fermor, 74). through and through the art of conjuring spirits, commenting, A sound magician is a powerful God (Ribner 7). The human lust for power has reached a new stature in Faustus, and to attain what he desires, the easiest means are demonic. On his modality to making the decision to enlist infernal forces in his quest for power, Faustus is prodded by friends, Valdes and ... ...ssey Press, 1966. Masinton, Charles G. Christopher Malowes Tragic Vision, a Study in Damnation. Athens Ohio University Press. 1972.Thomas, Vivien, and Tydeman, William, ed. Christopher Marlowe the Plays and Their Sources. capital of the United Kingdom New York Routledge, 1994.Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus a Criticism. New Delhi Sterling Publishers Private, 1985.Marcus, Leah Sinanoglou. Unediting the Renaissance Shakespeare, Marlowe, Milton. capital of the United Kingdom New York Routledge, 1996.Ellis -Fermor, Una Mary. Faustus. Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York The Odyssey Press, 1966. Kirschbaum, Leo. Marlowes Faustus A Reconsideration. Christopher Marlowes Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York The Odyssey Press, 1966.Dabbs, Thomas. Reforming Marlowe The Nineteenth century Canonization of a Renaissance Dramatist. Lewisburg Bucknell University Press London Associated University Presses, 1991.Aquinas, St. Thomas. On the timelessness of the world (De Aeternitate Mundi). Trans. Vollert, Cyril. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1964.

Louis XIV :: essays research papers

Louis XIVGreed is defined in the vocabulary as selfish and grasping desire for possession especially of wealth. It is in addition described as a noun. This definition can be in a flash related and best describes Louis XIV, the king of France in the sixteen hundreds. The effects of cupidity destroying peoples lives can be seen in the blood of Louis XIVs reign, during his reign, and later on his reign had endedLouis XIV inherited the thr superstar in 1643 when he was only five (Cairns 103). From the moment he entered ability and his reign began he had greedy intentions and enormous ideas of comprehend rule (Cairns 112). In 1661, Louis chief consultant Cardinal Jules Mazarin died and Louis then decided that he would be the only normal of France (Spielvagel 1). Louis once expressed, It is now time that I govern them myself. I signal and order you to seal no orders except my command, I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport without my command to recall account to me privately each day and to favor no one (Spielvagel 1). This quote reveals Louiss desire to have power over everything and lead everyone around him. Louis used the sun as his symbol of power. He much quoted, I am the state (Cairns 35). Exposed in this quote is Louis mind-set that he had all power. Using the sun as his symbol of power enforced his belief that he was the center of all things. Author of appeal Described by Duc De Saint Simon, Elena Steingrad, stated the following when referring to King Louiss life, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced then to forecast on his bounty for the means of subsistence. This was a plague which became a neutralise to the whole country (4). The quote shows Louis greedy intentions, which eventually led to far-flung confusion and an economic drop to the country of France (Steingrad 4). Louis XIV in the beginning of his reign was starting to show signs of his enormous, greedy intentions and his bel ief in divine rule. It was the start of his reign that France began to slowly crumble. In the beginning of Louis XIVs reign he made an enormous decision, which revealed his greed for his own personal needs. The Palace of Versailles that he had constructed in 1682 is an excellent symbol of Louis over tradition of the countrys money on himself.

Politeness - a comparison between Chinese and English :: essays research papers

Table of circumscribe1. Introduction 22. Politeness a theoretical approach33. the concept of limao44. Request strategies44.1. Request strategies in Chinese44.2. Request strategies in English55. Forms of organize65.1. Forms of address in Chinese65.2. Forms of address in English76. Chinese Politeness crossways social groups87. refinement9References11 1. IntroductionIn many parts of this world, causation existing borders are removed and people move closer together. It has to be admitted that most of the time this happens due to economical reasons, and the phenomenon of mass media has to be mentioned in this context as well. Therefore it becomes even more important to be able to understand cultures of different life-styles. But the success or ill luck of communication does not only depend on how well a lyric poem is spoken, provided also on intonation and body language. Dr. Mehrabian, a prominent and successful psychologist, is perhaps best known for the investigation of the role of non-verbal communication. He published findings indicating that spoken words only account for 7% of what a listener perceives. The remaining 93% of what a listener comprehends part from the speakers body language and tone employed in the delivery of the words.not only because of studies like this, non-verbal communication plays an important role when studying language in its social context. A very interesting topic in this large field is politeness, since forms of politeness are often misinterpreted and lead to misunderstandings. So I chose to have a closer fancy at the differences between politeness in Chinese and English.Since it is very difficult to collect data concerning politeness in the language of Chinese, this reputation is theory-based only. Nevertheless, many books that contend this topic can be found. Some of the books utilise for the research of this paper were written by native speakers of Chinese, which is an indication for the authors competence of the language. Therefore, collecting additional data would not only have been difficult, but also inefficient. This paper will deal with the topic of request strategies used by speakers of the Peoples Republic of China and the terms of address in Chinese and English. Besides, it will focus on request strategies across societal structures and social groups. In addition, it will discuss the concept of limao, the traditionalistic concept of politeness in China. This paper will not lead to cover all important issues concerning this topic, but it shall give a gravelly overview and should give the reader an incentive to have a closer look at this field of study.

It’s Time We Learn to Listen to Our Bodies Essay -- Health Nutrition D

Its Time We Learn to Listen to Our BodiesChristine is my best friend. She is the pleasant of person anyone would love to know. She has the nigh wonderful personality. She is always there for me and knows safe the right things to say. She is giving and caring to anyone she comes in contact with. She is helpful, understanding, and overweight. Like most women who struggle with their weight, she has tried every diet available and none go for worked successfully. I see her fight this constant battle and feel her letdown when she fails. Food is a consuming factor in her life and that is where her paradox lies. To lose her weight and keep it off, she must learn to listen to her bodys cues and tucker when, what, and how much it asks for. Most weight problems start in early childhood. Babies argon not capable of over giveing. They want to eat when their bodies are hungry and they eat until their hunger is gone. Parents dont realize that they start creating bad habits in their children when they limit their babys nutrition intake or constantly shove bottles at them whenever they cry. As a c...