Definition and Examples of Doublets in English

Definition and Examples of Doublets in English In English grammar and morphology, doublets are two distinct words derived from the same source but by different routes of transmission, such as poison and potion (both from the Latin potio, a drink). Also known as  lexical doublets and  etymological twins.  When the two words are used together in a phrase  they are called  coupled synonyms or  binomial expressions. Three words of this kind are called triplets: e.g., place, plaza, and piazza (all from the Latin platea, a broad street). Examples and Observations English has many doublets from Latin sources. Usually, the earlier word came from Norman French and the later one came from central French . . . or directly from Latin. Occasionally we have three words, or a triplet, from the same source, as in cattle (from Norman French), chattel (from central French), and capital, all derived from the Latin capitalis, meaning of the head. Another example is hostel (from Old French), hospital (from Latin), and hotel (from modern French), all derived from the Latin hospitale.  Ã‚   (Katherine Barber, Six Words You Never Knew Had Something to Do With Pigs. Penguin, 2007)It is no coincidence that the basic meaning of adamant was diamond. The word diamond is a doublet of adamant, the two words having come ultimately from the same Greek source, adamantos.The present-day adjective, meaning unyielding, inflexible, usually in the phrase to be adamant, is first recorded in the 1930s. It was apparently an extended use of such earlier phrases as an adamant h eart (1677), meaning a heart of stone and adamant walls (1878) stone walls.  (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics. Random House, 2008) Cadet, Caddie, Cad In Medieval Gascon French, a capdet was a little chief, little head, from the Late Latin capitellus, a diminutive form of Latin caput head. The term was originally applied specifically to a younger son of a nobleman, serving as a military officer at the French court, . . .. The term passed into Standard French in this Gascon sense, but later was generalized to mean younger (son, brother).In the 17th century, French cadet passed into English, which reworked the French meanings and, in the process, created the doublet form caddie. During the 17th and 18th centuries cadet was used to mean junior military officer, while caddie meant military trainee. The 18th century also saw the creation of the abbreviated form cad, which seems to have had a variety of senses, all of them suggesting assistant status: assistant to a coach-driver, wagoners helper, bricklayers mate, and the like.(L. G. Heller et al., The Private Lives of English Words. Taylor, 1984) Differences in Meaning and Form Doublets vary in closeness of meaning as well as form: guarantee/warranty are fairly close in form and have almost the same meaning; abbreviate/abridge are distant in form but close in meaning (though they serve distinct ends); costume/custom are fairly close in form but distant in meaning, but both relate to human activities; ditto/dictum share only di and t and a common reference to language; entire/integer are so far apart that their shared origin is of antiquarian interest only. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Doublets in Legal Language [David] Mellinkoff (1963: 121-2) indicates that many . . . legal terms appear in companythey are routinely used in sequences of two or three (doublets are also known as binomial expressions and binomials). . . . Everyday words can be transformed into legal formulae in this way. Melinkoff also points out that many doublets and triplets combine words of Old English/Germanic (OE), Latin and Norman French origins. Examples of doublets of sound mind (OE) and memory (L)give (OE) devise (F) and bequeath (OE)will (OE) and testament (F/L)goods (OE) and chattles (F)final (F) and conclusive (L)fit (OE) and proper (F)new (OE) and novel (F)save (F) and except (L)peace (F) and quiet (L)These expressions are mostly centuries old, and some date from a time when it was advisable to use words of various origins either to increase intelligibility for people from different language backgrounds, or more probably it was intended to encompass previous legal usage or legal documents from both early English and Norman French.  (John Gibbon, Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Blackwell, 2003)The non-exhaustive lists below present a selection of doublets and triplets still commonly found in legal documents:Doublets:aid and abet, all and sundry, attached and annexed, ask and to answer, deem and consider, each and all, fit and proper, have and hold, legal and valid, true and correct, totally null a nd void, peace and quiet, son and heir, terms and conditions, last will and testamentTriplets:cancel, annul, and set aside / ordered, adjudged, and decreed / signed, sealed, and delivered(Mia Ingels,  Legal English Communication Skills. Acco, 2006) Morphological Doublets [M]orphological doublets (rival forms) . . . are pairs of synonymous complex words which share the same base but involve distinct formatives, e.g. two different affixes (cf., for instance, the existence of attested doublets in -ness and -ity: prescriptiveness/prescriptivity, etc.). One may predict that this sort of formal fluctuation is not likely to persist for a long time; usually, one of the rival forms eventually takes over and becomes established (thus strengthening the derivational pattern it represents) while the other variant sinks into oblivion (or they acquire specialized meanings, as in historic / historical, economic / economical). (Bogdan Szymanek, The Latest Trends in English Word-Formation. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: DUB-lit EtymologyFrom Latin duplus, two-fold

Reflective Journal On Management Skills Example

Reflective Journal On Management Skills Example Reflective Journal On Management Skills – Article Example Task Reflective Journal I recently took the Myers Briggs Personality Test and the results were really not surprising. They just affirmed assumptions I had about myself. The results indicated that I was an ISFP. This stands for Introversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Perception.I have tried to reflect on these results and they have opened my eyes to a new way of thinking. The test firstly classified me as an introvert and I think to a great degree this is true. I tend to observe situations very carefully before I engage myself in them and I am a very thoughtful person. I normally do not undertake any activity without carefully examining every aspect of it.On sensing, I consider myself a realist. My perception of information works in a very simple way. Whatever I perceive must make sense in its entirety and I do not leave any chances for assumptions. I like being fully sure of whatever it is I perceive. I prefer dealing with issues that are at hand and I really dislike dealing with situati ons where I cannot have all the information in concrete form. This is because it leaves room for assumptions and this creates room for doubt and errors.I scored a score of 50% on the feeling aspect of the test. This is because I usually consider a greater picture of activities than what is provided by the pure exercise of logic. I have to consider all the aspects of whatever decision I am making and I think this is one unique feature about me. Managerial decisions affect individuals in a personal way too and therefore it is best if these personal considerations are taken into account in these decisions.The test however revealed one thing about me, that I am good in making decisions. I do not have any problem making decisions but I need time to effectively make up my mind. Decisions ought to be right and this calls for prudence and careful considerations of all issues involved. I believe that it is right for me to take my time and deal with issues effectively because I realise that i n some circumstances I may not be adequately equipped to deal with them at the first instance. I therefore need to take my time and learn what to do. This to me is a good leadership attribute because I need to be self-aware and know what my weaknesses and strengths. This I cannot achieve by being a Know-it-all. Musselwhite (2007: 1) puts it simply that â€Å"Self-awareness is being conscious of what youre good at while acknowledging what you still have yet to learn. This includes admitting when you dont have the answer and owning up to mistakes.†ReferenceMusselwhite, C. (ed) (2007) Self-Awareness and the Effective Leader, DiscoveryLearning, Inc. Available,www.discoverylearning.com/Documents/Self%20Awareness%20and%20the%20Effective%20LeaderOct%2007.pdf at 30th January 2012

Business Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Research Paper Example In the mid of 1970s, more than 400 companies of US origin having international footprints of were paying almost more than $300 million to different groups and individuals such as political parties, major politicians, ministers and the authorities that were holding power (Weiss 6). The renowned company, manufacturer of the world renowned fighter jet F-16 had paid personnel of foreign countries to show a tendency and preference for their product. In another investigation, it was reported that a famous company actually bribed the president of a foreign country, Honduras, to offer them discounted tax policy for their operations in that country. They give $2.5 million to the country’s president for a tax saving of around $7.5 million and another $750,000 to Italian official for allowing the import of the company’s products. When the president of Honduras raised the taxes, the chairman of the company was so depressed that he committed suicide. These were some important reason s which led to the making of this famous law which is now an essential for good corporate governance for any company. The act which was enacted by President Jimmy Carter was further amended in 1988 as the international anti-bribery law. Ethical Standing: Ethical behavior is strictly not a global standard at all. In some of the regions of the world, paying a bribe in terms of cash kickbacks and/or other tangible favours is still not considered an ethical or moral issue that can be termed as unlawful; rather it is just the ‘cost of doing business’ (Howell 1). The question here arises that should the bribe be paid or not. However, with globalization and emerging trade relationships ethics and corporate governance are gaining strong grounds. In most of the business schools, the faculty might be educating their future generations with adaptability and ways of working out with the situation. Mostly the reason they give of doing so is as they believe that the entire motive is the bottom line. So the fact that whether any particular business’s ethics should become accustomed to the local environment or become as a standard for its operations around the whole globe becomes a question mark in terms of ethics. Many of the business graduates and young managers give the argument, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." In simple words, we should follow local/host country’s practices and assimilate according to their businesses customs if we have to build a successful and sustainable business environment. In Harvard Business School, a termed coined by two leading faculty members of business ethics, Joseph Fletcher and James Adams, was "situational ethics," which was based on bendable and realistic approaches towards such complex business dilemmas (George 1). Perhaps, most business tycoons do follow it as well and that is why they have been very successful. The corrupt systems and politicians with big wide open mouths are ready to swallow dollars for each tiny task they can control. Foreign corrupt practices are an umbrella to guide the businesses when they start operating globally. When businessmen talk about the â€Å"business ethics† they typically refer to one of three aspects: Keep away from breach the ‘criminal law’ in their work-related activities Stay away from actions that might result in civil law suits against them or their businesses Avoid any

Change mangement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change mangement - Case Study Example This identified the country among the best countries with air airline facilities until after the Second World War. Airline industry in the country started operating in the year 1910 and offered diversified services such as transporting passengers, commodities, parcels and even medical supplies. Development in the industry however begun with construction of aircraft models in the late 19th century but the models were only constructed in the 20th century and approved in the year 1909 before the first flight occurred in the year 1910. Military application of airlines followed two years later and the services were used in many European countries. A number of aviation colleges were also established in the same decade. In the following decade, flight trials were conducted across international airlines before diversified airline services were offered. The country’s airline industry has however continued to experience changes in its internal and external environments to warrant notabl e changes. Qantas is one of the significant developments in the industry (Australian Government, 2008). Competition within the industry is partially regulated by the country’s political environment. The Trade Practice Act is an example. The industry however allows for market forces’ effects, in competition, such as â€Å"predatory pricing† that offers large firms an advantage over small firms in the industry (Parliament of Australia, n.d., p. 1). The industry’s competitive environment has also shifted from its previous duopoly system to a competitive market system. Some of the major players are Qantas, virgin Blue, and Ansett group among others and the firms use product differentiation as the major tool to attracting and retaining their customers. Qantas however remains the largest controller of the industry’s market in Australia (Parliament of Australia, n.d.). Qantas, one of the major players in the Australian airline industry, has a rich history that extends

Target market Essay Example for Free

Target market Essay Fitness United is a large fitness facility, in its early stages of operation. We started this fitness facility to help our members save money. While getting fit, staying in the shape they all ready are, or just starting something new. Our gyms will reduce the expenses that the average household spends on staying fit, by offering low prices and making sure that you stay on track; without there being a loss for equipment. When you stay fit and in shape you improve productivity, you feel better about yourself, and you know that you are doing all that you can to make your life better. Our target markets are demographic, psychographic, and behaviour segments. We felt that Demographic segmentation will allow us to reach everyone and anyone in our community. Our gym will have an age restriction, unfortunately youll need to be over 17 years of age to come into the gym. We will be trying to reach out to the younger people in our community and be able to accommodate their children with day care, this way gym goers will be able to workout and stay healthy knowing that their children are safe and being watched over. Beginning to plan for the future, Fitness United will allow you stay fit and healthy and be able to plan for what ever you want to do. By staying fit and healthy you can plan for that dream vacation hiking mountains in the mayan, or where ever your heart desiers. We will have the latest products and resources that our members will be able to work with to achieve their goals. The newest equipment that allows our members to get fit faster and work different muscle groups each time they attend the gym. Our trainers will help you with meal plans to make sure you get the best out of your work outs and help repair your body after workouts. Our trainers are trained to help members stay on track, with monthly weigh ins and meal plans; this is all part of the membership cost. Psychographic segmentation will let us reach out to people and make their dreams come true, with the right marketing and the right advertising we can touch on what they will be able to achieve with purchasing our membership. Not just a great body or a low fat percentage, but a new you. A new you that you can be proud of and challenge the ones around you to become the same. The power of self confidence is a key with psychographic segmentation and fitness unlimited. Behaviors segmentation will allow us to target the people to seek to fulfill their goals. We will make sure that our staff will walk with our clients step by step to achieve these goals. Knowledge is key they say, we have the best trainers and staff that will sit with our clients and make sure that they are educated about what they are doing in the gym, and be able to answer any questions clients may have. We know that there will be cheaper and flashier gyms in the community, but none will be have the expertise and equipment that we will have. We will drive sales and beat the competition by advertising everything, and I mean everything that you get without membership. No gyms will be able to offer the same as we can. From trained and certified child minding, to trained and certified trainers we will have all the tools to go above and beyond all the other gyms in our demographic.

Men and Women: As Interpreted by Deborah Tannen Essay -- essays resear

Did you know, â€Å"men and women talk differently because they are raised in something like two different cultures: a male culture from which young men learn to speak like men and a female culture in which young women learn to speak like women?†(Cooper and MacDonald 9). Well, not actually from two separate cultures, but the idea of men and women being opposites as pointed out in the opening. Deborah Tannen has made her theory that a male culture and female culture each exist, very popular with the human population and has written an extensive book on her theory. To define these communication conundrums, Tannen discusses â€Å"rapport-talk† and â€Å"report-talk†. She defines â€Å"rapport-talk† as â€Å"For most women, the language of conversation is primarily a language of rapport: a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships† (Cooper and MacDonald 10). Rapport-talk has its strong points focused on showing similarities and matching experiences. Women choose private speaking as the best places for communication. They like small settings and small groups of people that they know well. Tannen uses â€Å"report-talk† to explain how men communicate. â€Å"Report-talk† is â€Å"For most men, talk is primarily a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order† (Cooperand MacDonald 10). Men choose to communicate in public settings, they like to hold center stage by talking as much as possible and to be recognized and acknowledged as h aving a place in th...

Charlie Chaplain’s Modern Times: an Economic Analysis Essay

From what I have seen of modern times, Charlie Chaplain works in a factory under a supervisor, who answers to the head honcho boss upstairs. His life is affected by intensity of work, his employer, technological advancement, and even a feeding machine. As he slaves away with his coworkers, they begin to panic as the workload increases. His boss orders an increase in the speed of the workers output multiple times. This is brought on by the desire of the boss to increase production and ultimately profit. Instead of hiring more workers he chooses to overwork the ones he has. This results in a decrease in moral, which leads Charlie to be confronted by his employer. The factory’s employees do not communicate directly with their employer, instead supervisors and television screens that depict an image of the boss serve to bark orders. In one particular scene, the boss watches as Charlie smokes a cigarette in the bathroom, he then appears on a TV screen and orders Charlie to â€Å"quit stalling and get back to work.† This is not only an infringement on Charlie’s rights as an employee but it is also strange that the boss oversees his workers like a big brother. Throughout this scene, large machines and pulsating electronic sounds give the feeling of ever-advancing technology. The boss has installed an observation network within the factory, as well as multiple monitors to communicate with his employees. These technologies as well as the introduction of the feeding machine symbolize innovation in the work environment. A spokesman arrives at the factory with a rather peculiar looking machine. This machine, designated â€Å"the feeding machine† is advertised to limit employee’s free time in order to further increase production. The boss decides to give it a go and tests this contraption on Chaplain. During his lunch, the machine malfunctions and goes berserk; Charlie is subject to the wrath of technological failure. Once the commotion ends the boss is unimpressed and refuses to buy the feeding machine. This is an example of a failed attempt at innovation. In this scene of modern times, we sympathize with Chaplain’s character as he experiences the trials of post-depression industrialism. New technologies, a ruthless employer, and an intense workload plague this character. Through it all we are introduced to this old world, and the ideals that still exist in big business today.

King Lear and Little Boy Crying

Research and provide examples of the following literary terms: 1 . Simile- A simile is a direct comparison that always contains word as or like. Examples: He is as wealthy as 3111 Gate. Her personality Is like a bubble In a bottle to champagne. 2. Metaphor- A metaphor Is a comparison without the use of as or like. It refers to a person or object (as) being (like) another. The comparison Is Implied rather than stated directly.Examples: He is a half witch. 3. Personification-A trope or figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities. Examples: The wind stood up and gave a shout. The road isn't built that can make it breathe hard. Litotes- Is a figure to speech consisting to an understatement In Welch an Attractive Is expressed by negating Its opposite. Litotes uses a negative and an opposite to understate what Is Intended. Examples: He is no Einstein. (He is academically weak) 5.Hyperbole-An Hyperbole is an over -exaggeration, not mean t to be taken literally. It aims to create humor or to emphasize a point. Examples: The teacher complained that she had had hundreds of interruption that ay. She prepared enough food to teed an army. E. Paradox- A paradox Is a seemingly absurd or contradictory statement when analyzed, Is found to be true. The opposites are not next to each other, but are found In the same sentence. Examples: You will kill him with your kindness. (Your kind deeds are doing more harm than good. She is only happy when she has something to worry about. (A happy worrier. ) 7. Euphemism – It expresses an unpleasant or uncomfortable situation in a more sensitive, kind and tactful manner, The purpose Is to soften the blow, protect feelings or to be politically correct. Example: The camp forbids any form of chemical stimulants. (Drugs and Alcohol) 8. Ellipsis- It is the act of leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. The three dots (.. Are used to show that a word or words have been left out.Example: â€Å"But, I thought he was Preposition- It raters to an event arising bettor the commencement to the bankruptcy case that Is before the filling of the bankruptcy petrol. This Is onto literary term because It Is not used In figurative or nonliterary sense, and it Is not used to express language by using its usual literal meaning. I believe that this is a typing error, made when the writer added a â€Å"m' in front of a literary term â€Å"Repetition†. Repetition- Is the simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement to the words in order to provide emphasis.Example: we must all hang together or assuredly we shall hang separately. † 10. Pun- meaning is used to convey humor. They are used in headlines to grab attention and also in Jokes or riddles. Example: Cricket captain stamped. 11 . Suggestion- an idea or a plan that you mention for somebody else to thin k about. Example: â€Å"Children hooked refrain from criminal activity' suggests the inspector general. 12. Irony- The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. The intention is for the opposite to be understood.Examples: â€Å"l can't wait for my detention on Friday afternoon. † Walking into the empty cinema, the woman exclaimed,† fortunately, we booked† 13. Sarcasm- sarcasm, like irony, occurs when one thing is said, but something else is intended or understood. However, sarcasm is used with the express purpose of hurting, insulting or humiliating. Examples: Mimi must have worked very hard to be bottom of the class. 14. Rhetorical- is a figure of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make appoint.The question is used as a rhetorical device, posed for the sake of encouraging its listener to consider a message or viewpoint. A rhetorical question expects no answer. Example: â€Å"Why are we allowing stress to become an invisible enemy? † Task 2 poem: â€Å"LITTLE BOY CRYING† Relationship between the father and his son in this poem is shown in different ways, using different themes and literal devices such as personification, metaphor and imagery It depicts an angry, sad and frustrated boy whose mind is full of assessment, because of the heartless and cruel behavior of his father.The poet use of a metaphor in the first stanza â€Å"your frame so recently relaxed now tight† (line 6) highlights the perplexed mind of the child. He is very unnerved by this unpleasant slaughter of his hopes of an ecstatic pastime, and his mind is full of spiteful feelings of his father. The poet use of imagery â€Å"swimming tears â€Å", â€Å"splashing your bare feet† and â€Å"angling for a moment's hint†, shows that the boys tries try to catch a glimpse and of guilt in his father's eyes and to make his father realize the anguish he is going through.The use of metaphor ical phrase â€Å"ogre towers above you† and â€Å"grim giant† displays the father as a very dominant person over the child who is comparatively extremely defenseless and vulnerable and it also depicts the father as a negative person and his son unequivocally hates and loathes him. I do agree that the boy finally learnt a lesson from the father's capital punishment. The father is extremely concerned about the boy and he does not take any pleasure in making his son cry but, even if he is in a great dilemma, he chooses to teach his child a lesson than appeasing him, â€Å"wavering hidden behind that mask†.Play: KING LEAR Task 4 In this play many characters tend to value appearance above the reality, illusion want to see, hear and believe what they think it suits them most and they tend to turn a blind eye on reality. There are also those who present themselves falsely, either to gain advantage or to reveal truth. The play starts off with Lear, as he wishes to be t reated as a king and enjoy the title, but does not wish to have to deal with the hassle of governing the country. This is mirrored in his test he gives to daughter, where he asks â€Å"which of you shall we say doth love us most? (l . 1. 48) the way this question is phrased already demonstrates that he values a flattering public display of love over real love. Despite the fact that Cornelia, Learns favorite daughter refuses to partake in his game causes him to banish her from the kingdom and his close ally Kent. He confuses declarations of love with love itself. He asks only for the appearance, he does not recognize the real love of Cornelia from her single word, ‘nothing. He mistakes Cordillera's monosyllable, ‘nothing as an insult.When he retaliates with the quip ‘nothing will come of nothing and he does not recognize that this truth will apply specifically to him. Instead he values Generic and Reggae's fake sense of fawning over Cordillera's demonstration of si ncere sense of filial duty. He believes his two older daughters' sycophantic professions of love, rewarding them with his kingdom. Lear does not recognize his good retainer Kent after long years of service because of Ken's disguise. Lear is quick to accept him at face value, without any attempt to gain a deeper understanding of him.Even after reconciliation with Cornelia, Lear mistakes appearance for reality. He believes Cornelia to be alive when she is, in reality, dead. Secondly, in this play we read about the second character that s also unable to establish the difference, in his mind, between what people are saying and doing, and what these people's true motives are behind their action. His fate parallels Learns when his choice of appearance over reality puts him at the mercy of his evil, ungrateful child.When Edgar, the good son in disguise as Poor Tom, a madman, pretends to lead his blind father to his blind father to his death at the cliff of Dover, Gloucester, through the il lusion of death, is led to an acceptance of afflictions of life. Ironically, the truth kills Gloucester when Edgar reveals his identity. Gloucester sees himself differently from the people around him; he feels that he is a royal, respected man, holding some power and status. Learns evil daughters, however, decide that Gloucester is a traitor by advising Lear to escape to Dover; that is their reality.For Lear and Gloucester, they allow the deception of their children to destroy them; they value people and situation by appearance, and they have perceptions for themselves which are not realistic. Similarly, we leant that a person cannot accept anything at a face value but must search for deeper truths and learn to recognize and avoid deceit. Task 3 Play: KING LEAR ‘Of all the plays villains in King Lear, Edmund is the most complicated villain character in this play. He is morally bad, evil and he is responsible for causing many harms and wreaking destruction upon virtually many c haracter in this play.He is a perfect schemer and an unscrupulous character that highly portrays his eagerness to seize any opportunity and does anything to attain his goal. In act 1, scene 2, line 1-22, Edmund delivers soliloquy expressing his dissatisfaction with society's attitude toward bastard. He bitterly resent his legitimate half-brother, Edgar who stands to reveilles that society has denied him. In his soliloquy he talks of his forged letter which he will use to discredit his brother and deceives his father to place Edgar in a bad light.His serial treachery is not merely self-interested; it is a conscious rebellion against the social order that has denied him the same status as Gloucester legitimate son Edgar. â€Å"Now, gods stand up for bastards† Edmund commands, but in facts he depends not on divine aid but on his own initiative (1. 2. 22). He rejects the â€Å"plague of custom† (1. 2. 3) that makes society disdain him and dedicates himself to nature† (l . 2. 1) that is raw and unconstrained existence. After his betrayal of Edgar and his father, Cornwall, Reggae's husband, becomes like a new father to Edmund, as he also has an opportunistic bent.Edmunds affairs with Generic and Reagan tie the two subplots together very well, although the relationships are not presented in detail, and they do not exist in the source material for Edmund, Plexiglas. He does not appear to have as much affection for the two sisters as they do for him, and although he was effective against his father and brother, he cannot effectively play the two sisters off against each other It is notable that when he speaks to Generic and Reagan, he does not speak well, whereas in other situations he speaks very well – this is partially due to his trying to conceal his involvement with both of them.Edmund is the sisters' lust object, rather than true love, although he himself does not realize this. The death of Oswald plays the main role in the disclosure of the truth and this highly results in the death of Edmund. In act 4, scene 6, after Edgar injures Oswald, he hopes to prevent bloodshed by unsealing his letter than killing him. This letter actually contains evidence that Generic and Edmund are plotting to murder Albany. Edgar is appalled at this discovery against the life of Albany he hands him the letter at right time.Albany charges Edmund for capital treason and he challenges him to a duel. He calls forward any person to testify that Edmund is a traitor, the disguise Edgar enters, they fight and Edmund gets mortally wounded and he shows a flicker of weakness, and he eventually dies repenting to his villainy. Even if Edmund succeeds in deceiving his brother and betraying his father, he never finds true love. The community always regards him illegitimate. He is rare visible in peoples' eye (2. 1. 1) â€Å"look, sir, I bleed† he wants his father pay attention on him and gives him the love he need. The two older daughters of L ear regard him as their lust object rather than true love, although he himself does not realize this. I do not find Edmund as sympathetic character because throughout this play Edmund is not kind to other characters and he does care about their problems. He is not showing sympathy towards Lear when he is not storm all alone without any shelter and he finally orders the killing of Cornelia without showing sympathy to Learns mental condition.

Earl Warren William Rehnquist

Earl Warren William Rehnquist Earl Warren served as a US chief Justice in the Supreme Court between 1953 and 1969. During his tenure, the Supreme Court is on the record for having used judicial review as a scrutiny tool, which was later used to overturn statutes that had been put in place by either state or federal courts. After overturning the statutes, the Warren Court would then apply the bill of rights in deciding the cases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Earl Warren William Rehnquist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Belknap Warren (2005), the Warren court revolutionized criminal procedure at a time when the justice system in America had taken on a precedent that seemed to favor a few wealthy individuals hence neglecting the poor and less-knowledgeable people in the society. It is under Warren’s reign that the fourth amendment and the Fifth Amendment were for the first time used to extend the rights of individual citize ns and at the same time curtail police powers. Rehnquist on the other hand was nominated as chief Justice by Ronald Reagan in 1986. He served for 11 years, during which some critics note that there was no significant changes in the courts. Notably however, Rehnquist was more conservative and believed that the judiciary should let justice take its course by ‘meddling’ less in cases (Plotz, 1998). Unlike the Warren court however, the Rehnquist court is accused of having weakened the use of Miranda rights in prosecutions, and granting police officers more leeway to conduct searches without obtaining search warrants. Plotz (1998) further accuses Rehnquist of being more conservative on racial crimes. However, he is credited for having presided over major decisions which involved allowing free speech on the web, giving gay people their rights and abortion rights. During his tenure, Rehnquist is said to have ensure that the Supreme Court handled less cases than was previously the case (Plotz, 1998). This paper discusses some of the decision by the two Chief Justices, which impacted the American Justice system and continues to have effect on the same to date. Earl Warren As discussed in the introductory part, the Warren court went down in history as the first court to extend the fourth, fifth and sixth amendments in order to give Americans more rights, while minimizing the powers of the police.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kamisar (2005), no other chief justice had a background in law enforcement like Warren having served as a deputy district attorney in the 1920’s, and later as the head of attorney’s office in Alameda County for thirteen years. After that he had been appointed the attorney general in 1939 and served in that capacity until 1942. This suggests that the critics who accused him of failing to grasp the intensity of his courts decisions were wrong. In Gideon v. Wainright, the Warren court ruled that defendants accused of felonies also had the right to state counsel. Prior to this case however, some states had laws that required all accused people (whether charged of capital or non-capital offences) to be provided with counsel. Some states however did not have such a rule and often provided counsel for defendants charged with capital offences. In such states, Kamisar (2005) notes that the sixth amendment was not of much help to defendants. In two later cases (Douglas v California Griffin v Illinois), the Warren Court further stated that every defendant had a right to counsel, and further ruled that those whose cases were in the court of appeal had a right to free transcripts (Bradley, 2005). Warren’s argument for demanding counsel for all defendants was that without proper legal advice and representation, the defendant may be denied other constitutional rights such as pretr ial rights and the requirement for â€Å"proof beyond any reasonable doubt† (Bradley, 2005, p. 429). In Upholding Miranda rights, Warren is quoted as saying â€Å"the abhorrence of society to the use of involuntary confessions turns in part of the deep rooted feeling that the police must obey the law while enforcing the law† (Kamisar, 2005, p. 23). To this end, Warren had urged the law enforcers to uphold fairness when handling people because he believed that handling people politely and intelligently would make them more cooperative towards an investigation. According to Kamisar (2005), analysts observe that the need to streamline law enforcement and civil liberties by chief justice Warren was mainly as a result of his participation and contribution in the criminal justice system where he had earlier worked as an interrogator and also as a prosecutor. His opinion of Miranda for example thought to have borrowed largely from his understanding of the shift of balance bet ween an isolated suspect and competent and well prepared law enforcement authorities. William Rehnquist Rehnquist was more conservative than Warren and though it was expected that he and his predecessor Warren E. Burger would overrule some of the controversial rulings of the Warren court, none of them did. Rehnquist for example upheld Warren’s precedent which indicated that the federal constitutions should be able to guarantee defendants of their fundamental rights during trial (Bradley, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Earl Warren William Rehnquist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A case in point was Crane v Kentucky, where Rehnquist supported a court decision that had ruled that the defendant had a right to introduce evidence on circumstances that led to his/her confession, if that evidence was intended to show that the confession was not worth believing or using during the court ruling. According to Bradley (2005), the fact that Rehnquist upheld the ruling of the Warren court and even extending court rulings to provide the defendant with basic trial rights, means that he was not the â€Å"knee jerk conservative† that most people thought he would be when dealing with criminal procedure (p. 432). Notably however, it looks like the Warren court was more willing to consider the rights of the defendant against those of the state, something that was not popular in the Rehnquist court. According to Bradley (2005), Rehnquist was always willing to â€Å"weigh the interests if the state in convincing the guilty against the interests if the defendant and to try to reach a conclusion that comforts with his understanding of the constitution† (p. 432). During a ruling in Illinois v Gates, Rehnquist stated that the constitution suggests that judges should be balanced in their judgment rather leaning on one side. As such, the Chief Justice stated that judges should learn to bala nce claims of individual rights as guaranteed in the constitution and should hence refrain from going to both extremes (Upholding individual rights or allowing claims filed by government authorities to be admissible in a trial), saying that the holding a balance between the two is the noblest thing the court can do. While the Warren court was always in favor of the defendant especially in cases where the investigating officers use information obtained regarding the case from the defendant without upholding the defendant’s rights, Rehnquist believed that the exclusionary rule imposed a burden on the same fourth amendment values it sought to protect (Bradley, 2005). In his arguments, Rehnquist states that evidence should not be suppressed during a trial and neither should a ruling be reversed on the basis that evidence used during the trial was not suppressed.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Dunaway v New York, Rehnquist wrote a dissent against the 6-2 ruling that had stated that picking someone for questioning, was in real sense arresting the person regardless the names or words that police used to describe the same. It had been ruled that such was illegal especially where there was no probable cause. Rehnquist however dissented arguing that though the detainment that occurs during such incidences could be defined as an arrest, the â€Å"arrest† definition should not be applied on all cases including where a suspect accompanies the police for questioning voluntarily. In a 1987 ruling in Colorado v Bertine, the defendant argued that narcotics found in a backpack during a search in his impounded vehicle should be suppressed because the police did not have a warrant to search the contents of the bag and should instead have noted the backpack in the inventory. According to the defendant, the warrantless search of the backpack contravened provisions of the fourth amendment. Making a ruling in this case, Rehnquist stated that the police had conducted the search in good faith and had hence satisfied the provisions of the fourth amendment. Through this ruling, Rehnquist discounted the likelihood that police had violated the rights of the defendant especially because there seemed to be little evidence that police had engaged in misconduct during the search. According to McCall, M McCall, A (2006), however, this was just a case of playing a blind eye to the police conduct especially because policemen were governed by policies that regulated how closed containers should be handled during a search. Effects on Law Enforcement As mentioned elsewhere in this essay, the Warren court was more proactive in upholding civil liberties to the extent that critics accused the court of taking criminal matters too lightly. Among his major critics was Rehnquist who on assuming the Chief Justice office, did nothing much to overrule the warren court rulings as man y would have expected. The effects of decisions of the Supreme Court on law enforcement cannot be understated. Not only were police departments required to come up with policy documents to regulate the conduct of the officers on duty, but the citizenry too became more aware of their rights. Conclusion To date, the Supreme Court borrows from precedents set by the Warren and Rehnquist courts among others on deliberating on issues that come before it. Currently however, the judges have to consider emerging threats such as terrorism and the emergence of wide spread use of technology while deciding on how best to balance civil liberties and law enforcement. The new challenges has given rise to the recent but highly contentious Patriotic Act that was enacted soon after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack (Gale, 2007). Though initially intended for anti-terrorism intelligence gathering, critics’ state that the Patriotic act has been extended to normal investigations often leadin g law enforcers to ignore the need for search warrant when investigating people and in some cases, outright infringement of a person’s privacy. References Belknap, M.R Warren, E. (2005). The Supreme Court under Earl Warren, 1953-1969. S. Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. Bradley, C. M. (2005). The Rehnquist court in criminal procedure. 425-456. Web. Gale, E. S. (2007). Balancing civil liberties with the need for effective investigation. 1-19. Web. Kamisar, Y. (2005). How Earl Warren’s Twenty-two years in Law enforcement affected his work as chief justice. Ohio State Journal of criminal Law 3(11): 11-33. McCall, M.M. McCall, M. A. (2005). Chief Justice William Rehnquist: His law and order legacy and impact on criminal justice. Akron Law Review 39(323):311-372. Plotz, D. (1998). Chief Justice William Regnquist: Mr. efficiency. Slate. Web.

How to Keep a Lake Healthy and Clean

How to Keep a Lake Healthy and Clean Living with a lake view can be a wonderful way to feel close to nature, to enjoy aquatic activities, and to experience the seasons as they go by. However, owning lakeshore property comes with responsibilities towards the ecological health of the lake. To be able to continue enjoying the natural beauty and recreational activities a lake has to offer, and to  keep your propertys value up, here are a few steps to consider: Minimize Runoff Pollution is perhaps the most direct threat to a lake ecosystem. In the absence of industrial waste discharge, much of the pollutants come from rainfall runoff. Perhaps the single most important step to prevent water pollution is to control the amount of pollutant that gets into the lake washed in by rainfall. This can be accomplished through several approaches: Minimize your lawn area. Maintaining a grass lawn is often thought to mean the application of fertilizers and herbicides and it is very difficult to dose them precisely. Rain will transport excess fertilizer into the lake, which will stimulate smelly, unsightly, and potentially toxic algal blooms. Consider skipping the fertilizer, and learn to live with an imperfect lawn. Better yet, cut down on the amount of lawn you need to maintain. Herbicides can be toxic to aquatic life – if you need to use them, spot treat the problem areas as needed.Capture runoff from impervious surfaces. Rooftops and driveways are examples of impervious surfaces, which do not allow water to percolate into the soil. Instead, rainwater collects pollutants and speeds off, contributing to soil erosion. These soil particles end up in lakes, creating sedimentation problems. Roof runoff can be captured with rain barrels, and later used to water flower beds. Road runoff can be routed into a rain garden made o f water-loving plants. The energy of the moving water will be absorbed, slowing down erosion, and the suspended particles will get deposited in the garden, instead of in the lake. If you’re planning a new or replacement driveway, consider permeable ones made of pavers which lets run water through and reach the soil. Protect Natural Shoreline Vegetation Bare lawn all the way to the shoreline might be an aesthetic that appeals to some, but it is hurtful to a lake. It is important to protect existing vegetation along the shoreline: the shrubs and trees there keep the shallow waters cooler, preventing unsightly algal blooms and protecting fish habitat. The plants’ roots hold on to the shoreline soil, preventing erosion. A thick vegetation strip along the shore also acts as a buffer, absorbing pollutants and sediment flowing towards the lake.Replace lost or damaged shoreline vegetation by planting native species. Your local nursery should be able to suggest fast-growing, hardy plants adapted to wet shoreline conditions. Discourage Invasive Species When landscaping your property, stick to native plant species, especially along the shoreline. Exotic plants can become invasive and rapidly spread along the shore, displacing native ones and disrupting the aquatic ecosystem. Damaging invasive  plants include phragmites, purple loosestrife, and reed canary grass.A common way for invasive aquatics plants to enter a lake is by hitching a ride on a boat (an invasive species vector). Bits of algae or plant can be stuck on a boat propeller, or on the trailer, and be accidentally transferred from one lake to another. To avoid this,  take precautions before putting a boat in and better yet consider the possibility of implementing a boat inspection station at the public boat ramp. Many states have grants to assist landowner associations in funding these inspections. Particularly worrisome are Eurasian water-milfoil and​ the spiny water flea, as they can radically transform a lake’s ecology and significantly alter recreation al activities. Friendlier Fishing Countless lakes now have invasive fish species that were introduced by anglers. Don’t be a bucket biologist – only use native fish, crayfish, and leeches as bait. Many lakes have aquatic ecosystems that have now been transformed by the introduction of yellow perch, golden shiners, or rock bass.A particularly insidious form of lake pollution is lead to lost tackle. Practice lead-free fishing, and avoid making the wildlife sick. Loons, grebes, ducks, and bald eagles are particularly vulnerable. Practice Green Boating Motorboat activities can be disruptive to a lake’s health in many ways. Avoid these issues by choosing human-powered options: canoe, kayak, sailboat, or stand-up paddleboard.If you are using a motorboat, favor four-stroke engines over two-stroke ones. They have better fuel economy, fewer emissions, and are quieter. They also do not release unburned fuel into the water, which two-strokes do.Mind your wake. Slow down when you are near shore, as the wave action created by boats can increase shore erosion, releasing sediment, and damage shoreline vegetation. Controlling Waste Water Follow existing local ordinances for your septic systems. Regulations specify a minimum distance between the lake shore and your septic system. In addition, regular inspections and maintenance will ensure it functions properly. Leaky septic systems are a major source of nutrient pollution.Mind the products that end up in your septic tank – one of the main issues is the algae-feeding phosphate in soaps. Laundry detergent is now largely phosphate-free in the United States, but many dish-washing soap brands still contain it.However tempting it is, avoid washing in the lake. Shampoos and soaps contain chemicals that are not friendly to aquatic ecosystems, despite the â€Å"biodegradable† or â€Å"all natural† labels on the bottle. Going the Extra Mile Join your lake association and be a voice for conservation. When issues arise, research them and promote environmentally sound solutions. In the United States, state departments of natural resources usually have limnologists (lake scientists) who can answer your questions. In addition, many state universities have cooperative extension services which may be able to help you.Be involved with your regional land trust. They may be able to help you protect pieces of shoreline property that are key to the health of a lake.

Do we own our cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Do we own our cells - Essay Example a consent form containing various details among them; description of the research, purpose, procedure description, feature risks, benefits and confidentiality. In addition, the practitioner while seeking the consent of the participant ought to have given further intentions behind the results (Leino-kilpi 11). These are economical benefits, which in reality were not for the patient but ended up using them and sought judicial intervention to contradict the entire case. This is not what it ought to be because the practitioner’s intention in this case was not to advance the field’s knowledge but more so to benefit economically without the knowledge of the patient. In addition, confidentiality is a basic principle supposed to be between the practitioner and the patient (Leino-kilpi 13). This is because the patient usually expects no one would access or obtain his or her information but with consent it may be helpful in other fields through distribution. Therefore, in this case the practitioner took advantage of the patient’s ignorance and a statute that avails freedom one to use own knowledge in benefitting economically (Leino-kilpi 11). Defining cell donors’ ownership right has been major stumbling block in determining the right balance between patient right and medical research progress. Every patient has right to privacy and information; hence any body part taken from them should not be done without their consent. If the cell is to be used for any scientific research or commercialization implications, the patient should at least get a share of the profit gained in such cases. In addition, the patient should avail well-versed consent as evident in Washington University v. catalona case (2006). In this case, I think body cells belong to the donor and practitioner cannot perform any act that infringes his or her right. This implies suppose researchers in anyway infringes any of the stated laws ought to withdraw his or her cells from the intended research

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and Essay

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and John Stuart Mill (the happiness motive) with reference to the issue of oppression in moder - Essay Example hasized in both Marx, and Mill, but whereas Marx sees the political motives of the individual to be class-based rejection of capitalism, Mills sees the happiness of the individual as more important than political or social oppression. Each of these theorists have contributed towards twentieth century political influence, with both socialists and libertarians using these works as cornerstones of activism and individual beliefs. Marx’s supporters tend to believe in community support, with individual needs oppressed in favor of the society; Mill’s theories are concerned with the right of pursuit of individual happiness, against the demands of a society for conformity and participation in accepted beliefs. Marx’s theory of the individual was heavily influenced by the work of Hegel, who was influential in turning the concentration of philosophers from institutions to the individual. Hegel saw society as the individual having subjective encounters â€Å" With the Material World† (Schleuning, webpage). While Hegel sees the material world as essential to developing the individual; property and ownership are crucial. ‘Ownership’ in this sense is not purchasing, but creation of material through work: creative self-expression. Marx sees the individual worker being divided from his former ownership of the items which he makes, affecting his consciousness (Ritts, 153). â€Å"The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production† (Marx, page 191). This is the ‘tyranny of the minority’, or the smaller bourgeois class, over the much larger, working-class majority. Ritts sees this as Social Darwinism, with the fitness not suitability for survival, but personal fortune (Ritts, 153) The individual worker’s life inside an industrial society is, according to Marx, very precarious, and this is one of the causes of conflict between the individual and the bourgeois owners. Marx’s